{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T11:40:20Z","timestamp":1781523620228,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005721","name":"Universit\u00e4t Bielefeld","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Open Access Publication Fund"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Open Access Publication Fund"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005721","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intimate partner violence has been associated with numerous consequences for women, including pregnancy termination. This study examined the association between predictive capacity of intimate partner violence and pregnancy termination among women in Armenia. The study analyzed the 2015\u201316 Armenia Demographic and Health Survey (ADHS) data on women aged 15\u201349 (Mean: 31.49; Standard Deviation, SD: 9.51). Marital control exercised by husbands, ever experienced physical violence, sexual violence, and emotional violence by husbands were the four indicators of intimate partner violence used in this study. To assess the association between intimate partner violence and pregnancy termination, a binary logistic regression model was fitted. After controlling for confounders, we found that women whose husbands exercised marital control were 26% more likely to experience pregnancy termination, compared to women whose husbands did not exercise marital control (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.26, 95% Confidence interval (CI): 1.03\u20131.53). Women who ever experienced sexual violence were about 10 times likely to experience pregnancy termination than women who did not experience sexual violence (aOR: 9.76, 95% CI: 1.91\u201349.96). Both ever experienced physical violence and emotional violence did not have any significant associations with pregnancy termination. Forms of intimate partner violence are associated with pregnancy termination. The findings of this study provide evidence for government and policymakers to formulate, modify, and implement policies and program that target both men and women regarding the prevailing intimate partner violence and its consequences. Strengthening the policy implementation will ensure that women are empowered to make decisions about their reproductive health. Making husbands and their family members aware of the basics and consequences of intimate partner violence and focusing on child cognitive development which can be hampered due to the prevalence violence in families are recommended.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe11020022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]],"date-time":"2021-03-28T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1616974045000},"page":"294-302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Intimate Partner Violence and Pregnancy Termination in Armenia: Evidence from Nationally-Representative Survey Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nandeeta","family":"Samad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2290-2200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pranta","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bright Opoku","family":"Ahinkorah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health, School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9734-9054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdul-Aziz","family":"Seidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences, College of Humanities and Legal Studies, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, PMB TF0494, Ghana"},{"name":"College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Services, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James Boadu","family":"Frimpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, PMB TF0494, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Okyere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population and Health, Faculty of Social Sciences, College of Humanities and Legal Studies, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, PMB TF0494, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3530-6133","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"John Elvis","family":"Hagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Physical Education, and Recreation, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, PMB TF0494, Ghana"},{"name":"Neurocognition and Action-Biomechanics-Research Group, Faculty of Psychology and Sports Science, Bielefeld University, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Hayatun","family":"Nabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1443-6257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Delwer Hossain","family":"Hawlader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO (2020, August 15). Antimicrobial Resistance: Global Report on Surveillance. World Health Organization. Available online: http:\/\/apps.who.Int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/112642\/1\/9789241564748eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S0968-8080(15)43824-8","article-title":"The introduction of first trimester medical abortion in Armenia","volume":"22","author":"Louie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Health Matters"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Newport, S. (2009). A Review of Progress in Maternal Health in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, United Nations Population Fund."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ara\u00fajo, T.V., Aquino, E.M., Menezes, G., Almeida, M.D., Alves, S.V., Coimbra, L., and Campbell, O.M. (2018). Delays in access to care for abortion-related complications: The experience of women in Northeast Brazil. Cad. De Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica, 34.","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00168116"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"4","article-title":"Exploring the decision-making power of bangladeshi women of reproductive age: Results from a national survey","volume":"1","author":"Kabir","year":"2017","journal-title":"South East Asia J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.06.014","article-title":"Women\u2019s empowerment and fertility: A review of the literature","volume":"115","author":"Upadhyay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabir, R., and Khan, H.T.A. (2019). A Cross-Sectional Study to Explore Intimate Partner Violence and Barriers to Empowerment of Women in Armenia. Biomed. Res. Int.","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6939684"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jewkes, R., Fulu, E., Naved, R.T., Chirwa, E., Dunkle, K., Haard\u00f6rfer, R., Garcia-Moreno, C., and On behalf of the UN Multi-country Study on Men and Violence Study Team (2017). Women\u2019s and men\u2019s reports of past-year prevalence of intimate partner violence and rape and women\u2019s risk factors for intimate partner violence: A multicountry cross-sectional study in Asia and the Pacific. PLoS Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002381"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002208","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2019-002208","article-title":"Intimate partner violence in 46 low-income and middle-income countries: An appraisal of the most vulnerable groups of women using national health surveys","volume":"5","author":"Coll","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03164-8","article-title":"Trends in and predictors of pregnancy termination among 15\u201324 year-old women in Nigeria: A multi-level analysis of demographic and health surveys 2003\u20132018","volume":"20","author":"Onukwugha","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaya, S., Kunnuji, M.O.N., and Bishwajit, G. (2019). Intimate Partner Violence: A Potential Challenge for Women\u2019s Health in Angola. Challenges, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/challe10010021"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogum Alangea, D., Addo-Lartey, A.A., Sikweyiya, Y., Chirwa, E.D., Coker-Appiah, D., Jewkes, R., and Adanu, R.M. (2018). Prevalence and risk factors of intimate partner violence among women in four districts of the central region of Ghana: Baseline findings from a cluster randomised controlled trial. PLoS ONE., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200874"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-018-0628-7","article-title":"Intimate partner violence against women in Nigeria: A multilevel study investigating the effect of women\u2019s status and community norms","volume":"18","author":"Benebo","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Oluwole, E.O., Onwumelu, N.C., and Okafor, I.P. (2020). Prevalence and determinants of intimate partner violence among adult women in an urban community in Lagos, Southwest Nigeria. Pan Afr. Med. J., 36."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-018-0286-0","article-title":"Socio\u2013economic determinants of abortion among women in Mozambique and Ghana: Evidence from demographic and health survey","volume":"76","author":"Dickson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2012.00326.x","article-title":"Factors Associated with Abortion-Seeking and Obtaining a Safe Abortion in Ghana","volume":"43","author":"Sundaram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stud. Fam. Plan."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Straus, M., and Hotaling, G. (1980). The Social Causes of HusbandWife Violence, University of Minnesota Press."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2","article-title":"Prevalence of Pregnancy Termination and Its Associated Factors among Women of Reproductive Age Group in Ethiopia Using 2011 Ethiopian Demography and Health Survey, 2016","volume":"4","author":"Bago","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pregnancy Child. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.04.019","article-title":"Women\u2019s empowerment and reproductive experiences over the lifecourse","volume":"71","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1638-1","article-title":"Domestic Violence, Marital Control, and Family Planning, Maternal, and Birth Outcomes in Timor-Leste","volume":"19","author":"Meiksin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Health J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260513505144","article-title":"Women\u2019s autonomy and experience of physical violence within marriage in rural India: Evidence from a prospective study","volume":"29","author":"Sabarwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S8632","article-title":"Partner violence during pregnancy: Prevalence, effects, screening, and management","volume":"2","author":"Bailey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.12070","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and constraints to reproductive autonomy and reproductive health among women seeking abortion services in Bangladesh","volume":"136","author":"Pearson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obs."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8627(03)00038-5","article-title":"Trauma in pregnancy","volume":"21","author":"Shah","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Med. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hall, M., Chappell, L.C., Parnell, B.L., Seed, P.T., and Bewley, S. (2014). Associations between intimate partner violence and termination of pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001581"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2010.2518","article-title":"Sexual Violence as a Predictor of Unintended Pregnancy, Contraceptive Use, and Unmet Need among Female Youth in Colombia","volume":"20","author":"Gomez","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2342-3","article-title":"Sexual violence as a predictor of unintended pregnancy among married young women: Evidence from the 2016 Nepal demographic and health survey","volume":"19","author":"Acharya","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2010.02.023","article-title":"Reproductive coercion: Connecting the dots between partner violence and unintended pregnancy","volume":"81","author":"Miller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ajayi, A.I., Adeniyi, O.V., and Akpan, W. (2018). Use of traditional and modern contraceptives among childbearing women: Findings from a mixed methods study in two southwestern Nigerian states. BMC Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-018-5522-6"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-16-00215","article-title":"The Relationship between Partner Violence and Number of Abortions in a National Sample of Abortion Patients","volume":"33","author":"Ely","year":"2018","journal-title":"Violence Vict."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khatri, R.B., Poudel, S., and Ghimire, P.R. (2019). Factors associated with unsafe abortion practices in Nepal: Pooled analysis of the 2011 and 2016 Nepal Demographic and Health Surveys. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0223385"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801216630148","article-title":"Domestic Violence and Abortion among Rural Women in Four Indian States","volume":"22","author":"Stephenson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-015-0095-7","article-title":"Intimate partner violence and termination of pregnancy: A cross-sectional study of married Bangladeshi women","volume":"12","author":"Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2010.08.024","article-title":"Association between intimate partner violence and induced abortion in Cameroon","volume":"112","author":"Alio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obs."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Mkrtchyan, I. (2003, January 20\u201324). Violence against women in Armenia. Proceedings of the Gender and Power in the New Europe, the 5th European Feminist Research Conference, Lund, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v16i2.11","article-title":"Spousal violence and pregnancy termination among married women in Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"Bola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. Health Sci."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/11\/2\/22\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:53:15Z","timestamp":1760363595000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/11\/2\/22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ejihpe11020022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe11020022","relation":{},"ISSN":["2254-9625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2254-9625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,28]]}}}