{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:35:17Z","timestamp":1760243717692,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]],"date-time":"2022-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664582400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current situation in schools in relation to COVID-19 can generate a decrease in academic performance due to factors intrinsic to students. Therefore, rumination about COVID-19 could interfere with students\u2019 attention, resulting in a decrease in their academic performance. Therefore, the objective of this study was to explore the relationship between the perception of vulnerability to the disease and rumination about COVID-19 from a cross-sectional sample of post-compulsory education students. The differences in the perception of vulnerability to disease and rumination in different groups were analyzed, separated by gender. Our data suggest a positive relationship between the perception of vulnerability to the disease and ruminants\u2019 thoughts about COVID-19 (r = 0.29). Gender differences are significant, with women having higher scores than men in both variables.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe12100101","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,8]],"date-time":"2022-10-08T01:52:21Z","timestamp":1665193941000},"page":"1463-1470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perception of Vulnerability and Ruminant Thoughts about COVID-19 in Spanish Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9533-4083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9-Mar\u00eda","family":"Figueredo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International School of Doctorate, National Distance Education University (UNED), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9460-9268","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Garc\u00eda-Ael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology National Distance Education University UNED, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9181-8603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Topa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology National Distance Education University UNED, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"59","article-title":"Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery","volume":"17","author":"Polizzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1037\/a0025948","article-title":"Subjective well-being and adaptation to life events: A meta-analysis","volume":"102","author":"Luhmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x","article-title":"Rethinking rumination","volume":"3","author":"Wisco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Perspect. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030923","article-title":"An attentional scope model of rumination","volume":"139","author":"Whitmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/0963721410370293","article-title":"Cognitive inhibition and emotional regulation","volume":"19","author":"Joormann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Dir. Psychol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.3.400","article-title":"Rumination and executive function in depression: An experimental study","volume":"72","author":"Watkins","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/PBR.17.1.1","article-title":"The role of inhibition in task switching: A review","volume":"17","author":"Koch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychon. Bull. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930902954825","article-title":"Brooding and attentional control in processing self-encoded information: Evidence from a modified Garner task","volume":"24","author":"Daches","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00270-8","article-title":"The fear of COVID-19 scale: Development and initial validation","volume":"20","author":"Ahorsu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1080\/02134748.2016.1248025","article-title":"Psychometricproperties and criterionvalidityofthePerceived Vulnerabilityto DiseaseScale (PVD) in theSpanishpopulation\/Propiedades psicom\u00e9tricas y validez de criterio de la escala de Percepci\u00f3n de Vulnerabilidad a la Enfermedad (PVE en poblaci\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola)","volume":"32","author":"Magallares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Psicol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015474","article-title":"Microbes, mating, and morality: Individual differences in three functional domains of disgust","volume":"97","author":"Tybur","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2014.906557","article-title":"Evolution of HIV-related stigma in Spain between 2008 and 2012","volume":"26","author":"Molero","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1111\/sjop.12666","article-title":"A Multimethod Assessment to Study the Relationship between Rumination and Gender Differences","volume":"61","author":"Giromini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand. J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s41811-022-00133-1","article-title":"Repetitive Negative Thinking Processes Account for Gender Differences in Depression and Anxiety During Adolescence","volume":"15","author":"Espinosa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cogn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijer.2021.101830","article-title":"Emotion regulation and student engagement: Age and gender differences during adolescence","volume":"109","author":"Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Educ. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kavvadas, D., Kavvada, A., Karachrysafi, S., Papaliagkas, V., Cheristanidis, S., Chatzidimitriou, M., and Papamitsou, T. (2022). Stress, Anxiety and Depression Prevalence among Greek University Students during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Two-Year Survey. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11154263"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, A., Bele\u00f1a, \u00c1., and Zueco, J. (2020). The Role of Age and Gender in Perceived Vulnerability to Infectious Diseases. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020485"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2020.110220","article-title":"Perceived vulnerability to disease and attitudes towards public health measures: COVID-19 in Flanders, Belgium","volume":"166","author":"Matthijs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pers. Individ. Dif."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papageorgiou, C., and Wells, A. (2003). The consequences of dysphoric rumination. Rumination: Nature, Theory, and Treatment of Negative Thinking in Depression, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470713853"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2005.06.074","article-title":"The perseverative cognition hypothesis: A review of worry, prolonged stress-related physiological activation, and health","volume":"60","author":"Brosschot","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"15","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and procrastination among students: Rumination plays a larger mediating role than worry","volume":"36","author":"Constantin","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ration.-Emot. Cogn.-Behav. Ther."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1037\/cap0000262","article-title":"Rumination About COVID-19 and Employee Well-Being: The Role of Playful Work Design","volume":"62","author":"Bakker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. Psychol. Can."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2008.10.003","article-title":"A roadmap to rumination: A review of the definition, assessment, and conceptualization of this multifaceted construct","volume":"29","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Marcos, T. (2018). The Interference of Rumination on Attention. [Ph.D. Thesis, Autonomous University of Madrid]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023918517378","article-title":"Dysphoric Rumination Impairs Concentration on Academic Tasks","volume":"27","author":"Lyubomirsky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Ther. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2016.1232698","article-title":"Specificity of relations between adolescents\u2019 cognitive emotion regulation strategies and symptoms of depression and anxiety","volume":"32","author":"Garnefski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogn. Emot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2009.05.001","article-title":"Perceived vulnerability to disease: Development and validation of a 15-item self-report instrument","volume":"47","author":"Duncan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Personal. Individ. Differ."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1080\/13548506.2020.1776891","article-title":"The impacts of vulnerability, perceived risk, and fear on preventive behaviours against COVID-19","volume":"26","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105466","article-title":"Stressors of COVID-19 and stress consequences: The mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of psychological support","volume":"118","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560983","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.560983","article-title":"Epidemic Rumination and Resilience on College Students\u2019 Depressive Symptoms During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Fatigue","volume":"8","author":"Ye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669119","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.669119","article-title":"Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of College Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Satici, B., Saricali, M., Satici, S.A., and Griffiths, M.D. (2020). Intolerance of Uncertainty and Mental Wellbeing: Serial Mediation by Rumination and Fear of COVID-19. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict., 1\u201312.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-020-00305-0"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0387","article-title":"Social Media Exposure and College Students\u2019 Mental Health during the Outbreak of COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Rumination and the Moderating Role of Mindfulness","volume":"24","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.3390\/covid1020038","article-title":"The Mediating Role of Rumination in the Relationship between Loneliness and Depression in University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"1","author":"Luttenbacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"COVID"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1177\/0033294119899906","article-title":"Relationship Between Mindfulness, Psychopathological Symptoms, and Academic Performance in University Students","volume":"124","author":"Ghisletta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000024","article-title":"The impact of perceived disease threat on women\u2019s desire for novel dating and sexual partners: Is variety the best medicine?","volume":"109","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2020.1763141","article-title":"Academic performance: A longitudinal study on the role of goal-directed rumination and psychological distress","volume":"33","author":"Krys","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anxiety Stress Coping."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"1065","article-title":"Factor analysis of the COVID-19 Perceived Risk Scale: A preliminary study","volume":"46","year":"2020","journal-title":"Death Stud."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1166","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3165","article-title":"COVID-19 Rumination Scale (C-19RS): Initial psychometric evidence in a sample of Dutch employees","volume":"36","author":"Nikolova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Health Plan. Manag."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.2304\/plat.2012.11.2.139","article-title":"The impact of mindful awareness practices on college student health, well-being, and capacity for learning: A pilot study","volume":"11","author":"Yamada","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychol. Learn. Teach."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5920\/jpa.855","article-title":"Compassionate Play: Why playful teaching is a prescription for good mental health (for you and your students)","volume":"3","author":"Reeve","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Play Adulthood"},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"2035","article-title":"Playful learning: Tools, techniques, and tactics","volume":"26","author":"Whitton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Re Learn. Technol."}],"container-title":["European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/12\/10\/101\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:45:12Z","timestamp":1760143512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/12\/10\/101"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["ejihpe12100101"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe12100101","relation":{},"ISSN":["2254-9625"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2254-9625"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,1]]}}}