{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T20:43:17Z","timestamp":1780519397932,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The present study aims to elucidate the association between adverse childhood experiences, parental bonding, fatherhood, and social anxiety symptoms among emerging adults within an Iranian context. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study utilized self-reported assessments to evaluate fatherhood, parental bonding, anxious thoughts, and childhood trauma. The study was administered to 242 university students exhibiting social anxiety symptoms. Among the participants, 181 (74.8%) were boys and 61 (25.2%) were girls between the ages of 18 and 29. In terms of educational background, 64.9% of them held a bachelor\u2019s degree, and 35.1% held a master\u2019s degree. A majority of them (84.3%) were of middle-class socio-economic status, 6.6% were of low income, and 9.1% were of high income. Results: Analysis via multiple linear regression revealed that individuals with adverse childhood experiences exhibited heightened levels of social anxiety symptoms (R2 = 0.32) compared to their counterparts without such experiences. Furthermore, fatherhood (R2 = 0.28), paternal bonding (R2 = 0.26), and maternal bonding (R2 = 0.26) were all significantly and equally associated with variance in social anxiety symptoms. The findings underscored the substantial correlation between ACEs, fatherhood, and both maternal and paternal bonding with social anxiety symptoms in adulthood. Conclusions: Accordingly, the study emphasizes the importance of thoroughly assessing the multifaceted contributors to social anxiety. Such insights are pivotal for the design and implementation of community-based preventive interventions aimed at reducing the societal burden of social anxiety disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe14070137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T16:55:36Z","timestamp":1721321736000},"page":"2057-2073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Adverse Childhood Experience, Parental Bonding, and Fatherhood as Parenting Vulnerabilities to Social Anxiety Severity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Rasoul","family":"Heshmati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9218-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazanin","family":"Seyed Yaghoubi Pour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0351-8473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parisa","family":"Haji Abbasoghli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 5166616471, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojtaba","family":"Habibi Asgarabad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.3.251","article-title":"Social anxiety disorder and the risk of depression: A prospective community study of adolescents and young adults","volume":"58","author":"Stein","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. 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