{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T18:53:27Z","timestamp":1791140007376,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain","award":["PID2021-127703OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-127703OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain","award":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.130391\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.130391\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain","award":["FEDER\/UE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER\/UE"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Innovation of Spain","award":["SGR 2017\/00717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGR 2017\/00717"]}]},{"name":"Agency of University and Research Funding Management of the Catalonia Government within the Research Groups","award":["PID2021-127703OB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-127703OB-I00"]}]},{"name":"Agency of University and Research Funding Management of the Catalonia Government within the Research Groups","award":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.130391\/501100011033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MICIU\/AEI\/10.130391\/501100011033"]}]},{"name":"Agency of University and Research Funding Management of the Catalonia Government within the Research Groups","award":["FEDER\/UE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FEDER\/UE"]}]},{"name":"Agency of University and Research Funding Management of the Catalonia Government within the Research Groups","award":["SGR 2017\/00717"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGR 2017\/00717"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a complex condition marked by increased pain sensitivity and central sensitization. Studies often explore the link between FM and depressive anxiety disorders, but few focus on dysthymia or persistent depressive disorder (PDD), which can be more disabling than major depression (MD). Objective: To identify clinical scales and subscales of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) that effectively describe and differentiate the psychological profile of PDD, with or without comorbid MD, in FM patients with PDD previously dimensionally classified by the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory III (MCMI-III). Method: An observational, cross-sectional study was conducted with 66 women (mean age 49.18, SD = 8.09) from Hospital del Mar. The PAI, the MCMI-III, and the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQ) were used to assess the sample. Results: The PAI showed strong discriminative ability in detecting PDD, characterized by high scores in cognitive and emotional depression and low scores in identity alteration, dominance, and grandeur. High scores in cognitive, emotional, and physiological depression, identity alteration, cognitive anxiety, and suicidal ideation, along with low scores in dominance and grandeur, were needed to detect MD with PDD. Discriminant analysis could differentiate 69.6\u201373.9% of the PDD group and 84.6% of the PDD+MD group. Group comparisons showed that 72.2% of patients with an affective disorder by PAI were correctly classified in the MCMI-III affective disorder group, and 70% without affective disorder were correctly classified. Conclusions: The PAI effectively identifies PDD in FM patients and detects concurrent MD episodes, aiding in better prognostic and therapeutic guidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe15010002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T06:43:04Z","timestamp":1736145784000},"page":"2","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Outlining the Psychological Profile of Persistent Depression in Fibromyalgia Patients Through Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7213-2550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Doreste","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"MRI Research Unit, Radiology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus","family":"Pujol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRI Research Unit, Radiology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM G21), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6796-7660","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Penelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament de Psicobiologia i de Metodologia de les Ci\u00e8ncies de la Salut, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u00edctor","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM G21), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Neurociences Research Unit, IMIM-Institut Hospital del Mar d\u2019Investigacions M\u00e8diques, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, 08002 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Blanco-Hinojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRI Research Unit, Radiology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM G21), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8948-4918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerard","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Vilavella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRI Research Unit, Radiology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0720-3412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Pardina-Torner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit (Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute\u2013IDIBELL), 08908 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6734-9288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiola","family":"Ojeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordi","family":"Monfort","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3305-2662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joan","family":"Deus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain"},{"name":"MRI Research Unit, Radiology Department, Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2011.10.018","article-title":"Is fibromyalgia a discrete entity?","volume":"11","author":"Ablin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Autoimmunity Reviews"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12757","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: Management strategies for primary care 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