{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T01:18:17Z","timestamp":1776129497977,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Minor neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) represent a transitional phase between normal cognitive aging and dementia, highlighting the importance of early interventions. This study assessed the efficacy of a structured 6-month computerized cognitive training (CCT) program in stabilizing cognitive decline among older adults with minor NCDs. One hundred participants were randomly assigned to an intervention group or a non-intervention group. The intervention group underwent weekly, personalized CCT sessions using the MeMo program, which targeted memory, attention, and adaptability. Cognitive performance was measured at baseline and after six months using the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG). Statistical analysis showed significant cognitive decline in the non-intervention group in orientation (p = 0.032), language expression (p = 0.008), praxis (p = 0.008), and memory (p = 0.01). In contrast, the intervention group showed no significant changes, except for a minor decline in perception (p = 0.003). These results suggest that CCT may help delay cognitive deterioration in minor NCDs. However, while cognitive decline was stabilized, no significant improvement was observed. Further research is recommended to investigate the long-term benefits and the transferability of cognitive gains. The findings support the use of CCT as a non-pharmacological health promotion strategy for enhancing cognitive resilience in aging populations. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on adaptive CCT as a non-pharmacological intervention, highlighting the potential role of neuroplasticity in delaying cognitive decline and offering new insights into personalized cognitive health strategies for aging populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe15030034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T04:55:44Z","timestamp":1741755344000},"page":"34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["\u0399nnovative Health Promotion Strategies: A 6-Month Longitudinal Study on Computerized Cognitive Training for Older Adults with Minor Neurocognitive Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3341-4093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Tsiakiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9511-6940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spyridon","family":"Plakias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8828-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinelopi","family":"Vlotinou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational Therapy, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paraskevi","family":"Athanasouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Terzoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sotiria","family":"Kyriazidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aspasia","family":"Serdari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgia","family":"Karakitsiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"},{"name":"School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of Psychology, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5861-7199","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Megari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sciences and Humanities, Department of Psychology, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5108-7335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Aggelousis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Vadikolias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Foteini","family":"Christidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1961","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66665-2","article-title":"Depression in the elderly","volume":"365","author":"Alexopoulos","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Lancet (London, England)"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.2540","article-title":"Optimizing the CAMCOG test in the screening for mild cognitive impairment and incipient dementia: Saving time with relevant domains","volume":"26","author":"Aprahamian","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170404","article-title":"Tailored and adaptive computerized cognitive training in older adults at risk for dementia: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"60","author":"Webb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: JAD"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4328","article-title":"Protecting cognition from aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A computerized cognitive training combined with reminiscence therapy","volume":"31","author":"Barban","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e31819c6137","article-title":"Computer-based cognitive training for mild cognitive impairment: Results from a pilot randomized, controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Barnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.07.084","article-title":"The hippocampus in aging and disease: From plasticity to vulnerability","volume":"309","author":"Bartsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013494","article-title":"Can training in a real-time strategy video game attenuate cognitive decline in older adults?","volume":"23","author":"Basak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1159\/000096316","article-title":"Improvement of episodic memory in persons with mild cognitive impairment and healthy older adults: Evidence from a cognitive intervention program","volume":"22","author":"Belleville","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ben-Sadoun, G., Manera, V., Alvarez, J., Sacco, G., and Robert, P. (2018). Recommendations for the design of serious games in neurodegenerative diseases. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00013"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160268","article-title":"Physical and cognitive stimulation using an exergame in subjects with normal aging, mild and moderate cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Sacco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: JAD"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"93","article-title":"Adult hippocampal neurogenesis, synaptic plasticity and memory: Facts and hypotheses","volume":"18","author":"Rampon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reviews in the Neurosciences"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-1531","article-title":"Does cognitive training prevent cognitive decline?: A systematic review","volume":"168","author":"Butler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5853","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.5853","article-title":"Effectiveness of online-based cognitive intervention in community-dwelling older adults with cognitive dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Chae","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2005.12.003","article-title":"Outcomes of a computer-based cognitive rehabilitation program on Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients compared with those on patients affected by mild cognitive impairment","volume":"43","author":"Cipriani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"CD003260","article-title":"Cognitive rehabilitation and cognitive training for early-stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease and vascular dementia","volume":"4","author":"Clare","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610211002158","article-title":"Predictors of cognitive decline in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment using the CAMCOG: A five-year follow-up","volume":"24","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"509","article-title":"Age-associated memory impairment: Diagnostic criteria and treatment strategies","volume":"24","author":"Crook","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1589\/jpts.29.1137","article-title":"The effect of cognitive-motor dual task training with the biorescue force platform on cognition, balance and dual task performance in institutionalized older adults: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Delbroek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Physical Therapy Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2014.09.010","article-title":"The Study of Mental and Resistance Training (SMART) study\u2014Resistance training and\/or cognitive training in mild cognitive impairment: A randomized, double-blind, double-sham controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Gates","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Directors Association"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1375\/brim.12.3.187","article-title":"Computerised cognitive training for older persons with mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study using a randomised controlled trial design","volume":"12","author":"Finn","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Impairment"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ge, S., Zhu, Z., Wu, B., and McConnell, E. S. (2018). Technology-based cognitive training and rehabilitation interventions for individuals with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review. BMC Geriatrics, 18, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-018-0893-1"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.899972","article-title":"The effects of a computer-based cognitive and physical training program in a healthy and mildly cognitive impaired aging sample","volume":"18","author":"Franco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2015.1118389","article-title":"Comparing three methods of computerised cognitive training for older adults with subclinical cognitive decline","volume":"26","author":"Gooding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychological Rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.3928\/19404921-20170524-01","article-title":"Comparison of two cognitive training programs with effects on functional activities and quality of life","volume":"10","year":"2017","journal-title":"Research in Gerontological Nursing"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.4306\/pi.2014.11.1.52","article-title":"Development of the ubiquitous spaced retrieval-based memory advancement and rehabilitation training program","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investigation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2012.04.012","article-title":"Positive effects of computer-based cognitive training in adults with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"50","author":"Herrera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2016.16030360","article-title":"Computerized cognitive training in older adults with mild cognitive impairment or dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"174","author":"Hill","year":"2017","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150530201636","article-title":"The efficacy of cognitive intervention programs for mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Hong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Current Alzheimer Research"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1680","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09522-7","article-title":"Effects of computerised cognitive training on cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis","volume":"268","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4075","article-title":"Interactive video gaming compared with health education in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A feasibility study","volume":"29","author":"Hughes","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2012.8.3.190","article-title":"The effect of cognitive training in patients with mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A preliminary study","volume":"8","author":"Hwang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Neurology (Seoul, Korea)"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1080\/07317115.2015.1120257","article-title":"Cognitive training program to improve working memory in older adults with MCI","volume":"39","author":"Hyer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00846.x","article-title":"How useful is executive control training? Age differences in near and far transfer of task-switching training","volume":"12","author":"Karbach","year":"2009","journal-title":"Developmental Science"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klados, M. A., Styliadis, C., Frantzidis, C. A., Paraskevopoulos, E., and Bamidis, P. D. (2016). Beta-band functional connectivity is reorganized in mild cognitive impairment after combined computerized physical and cognitive training. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2016.00055"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13546","article-title":"Principles of plasticity in the developing brain","volume":"59","author":"Kolb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.115.4.361","article-title":"Senescent memory decline and senile amnestic syndrome","volume":"115","author":"Kral","year":"1958","journal-title":"The American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lampit, A., Hallock, H., and Valenzuela, M. (2014). Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of effect modifiers. PLoS Medicine, 11, (11).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001756"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2010.11.003","article-title":"Cognitive intervention for persons with mild cognitive impairment: A meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ageing Research Reviews"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10744","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010744","article-title":"Comparison of multiple interventions for older adults with Alzheimer disease or mild cognitive impairment","volume":"97","author":"Liang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.14132","article-title":"Cognitive and neural effects of vision-based speed-of-processing training in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study","volume":"64","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.263","article-title":"Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: Risk, mechanisms and therapy","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neurology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2020.0446","article-title":"Effects of virtual reality-based cognitive training in the elderly with and without mild cognitive impairment","volume":"18","author":"Maeng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investigation"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39471","DOI":"10.1038\/srep39471","article-title":"Randomized trial on the effects of a combined physical\/cognitive training in aged MCI subjects: The Train the Brain study","volume":"7","author":"Maffei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manera, V., Petit, P.-D., Derreumaux, A., Orvieto, I., Romagnoli, M., Lyttle, G., David, R., and Robert, P. H. (2015). \u201cKitchen and cooking\u201d, a serious game for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A pilot study. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00024"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/0361073X.2017.1258256","article-title":"The efficacy of a computer-assisted cognitive rehabilitation program for patients with mild cognitive deficits: A pilot study","volume":"43","author":"Mansbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Experimental Aging Research"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Memory Motivation (2020, May 05). Retrieved 10 February 2025. Available online: https:\/\/www.memory-motivation.org\/home-4\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2013.01.077","article-title":"Effect of a computerized brain exercise program on cognitive performance in older adults","volume":"21","author":"Miller","year":"2013","journal-title":"The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry: Official Journal of the American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x","article-title":"The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09042","article-title":"Putting brain training to the test","volume":"465","author":"Owen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pamboris, G. M., Plakias, S., Tsiakiri, A., Karakitsiou, G., Bebeletsi, P., Vadikolias, K., Aggelousis, N., Tsiptsios, D., and Christidi, F. (2024). Physical therapy in neurorehabilitation with an emphasis on sports: A bibliometric analysis and narrative review. Sports, 12, (10).","DOI":"10.3390\/sports12100276"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12190","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: A concept in evolution","volume":"275","author":"Petersen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004826","article-title":"Practice guideline update summary: Mild cognitive impairment: Report of the guideline development, dissemination, and implementation subcommittee of the american academy of neurology","volume":"90","author":"Petersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome","volume":"56","author":"Petersen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2012.02.006","article-title":"Training the brain: Fact and fad in cognitive and behavioral remediation","volume":"79","author":"Rabipour","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/13607860120101077","article-title":"Memory enhancement training for older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A preliminary study","volume":"6","author":"Rapp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17167","DOI":"10.2196\/17167","article-title":"Efficacy of a web app for cognitive training (MeMo) regarding cognitive and behavioral performance in people with neurocognitive disorders: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"22","author":"Robert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Medical Internet Research"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robert, P. H., K\u00f6nig, A., Amieva, H., Andrieu, S., Bremond, F., Bullock, R., Ceccaldi, M., Dubois, B., Gauthier, S., Kenigsberg, P.-A., Nave, S., Orgogozo, J. M., Piano, J., Benoit, M., Touchon, J., Vellas, B., Yesavage, J., and Manera, V. (2014). Recommendations for the use of serious games in people with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, related disorders and frailty. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00054"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2011-0009","article-title":"Cognitive training changes hippocampal function in mild cognitive impairment: A pilot study","volume":"26","author":"Rosen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: JAD"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.149.6.698","article-title":"CAMDEX. A standardised instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia","volume":"149","author":"Roth","year":"1986","journal-title":"The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.1681","article-title":"Efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in patients with mild cognitive impairment treated with cholinesterase inhibitors","volume":"22","author":"Rozzini","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2014.920303","article-title":"The new DSM-5 diagnosis of mild neurocognitive disorder and its relation to research in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"19","author":"Blazer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging & Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610212002256","article-title":"Comparing the effects of different individualized music interventions for elderly individuals with severe dementia","volume":"25","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx040","article-title":"Cognitive training using a novel memory game on an ipad in patients with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI)","volume":"20","author":"Savulich","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00074-0","article-title":"Cognitive reserve modulates functional brain responses during memory tasks: A PET study in healthy young and elderly subjects","volume":"19","author":"Scarmeas","year":"2003","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-016-9338-9","article-title":"Enhancing cognitive functioning in healthly older adults: A systematic review of the clinical significance of commercially available computerized cognitive training in preventing cognitive decline","volume":"27","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychology Review"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"159","article-title":"DSM-5 and neurocognitive disorders","volume":"42","author":"Simpson","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2013.15.1\/gsmith","article-title":"Aging and neuroplasticity","volume":"15","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e764","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny164","article-title":"Nonimmersive brain gaming for older adults with cognitive impairment: A scoping review","volume":"59","author":"Sood","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Gerontologist"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248","article-title":"What is cognitive reserve? Theory and research application of the reserve concept","volume":"8","author":"Stern","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804766-8.00011-X","article-title":"Cognitive reserve","volume":"167","author":"Stern","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172192","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/172192","article-title":"Neuroplastic effects of combined computerized physical and cognitive training in elderly individuals at risk for dementia: An eLORETA controlled study on resting states","volume":"2015","author":"Styliadis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Plasticity"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(91)90008-8","article-title":"Brain aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease, \u201cWear and tear\u201d versus \u201cUse it or lose it\u201d","volume":"12","author":"Swaab","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Aging"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2007.01.055","article-title":"Effectiveness of a cognitive rehabilitation program in mild dementia (MD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI): A case control study","volume":"44","author":"Talassi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thapa, N., Park, H. J., Yang, J.-G., Son, H., Jang, M., Lee, J., Kang, S. W., Park, K. W., and Park, H. (2020). The effect of a virtual reality-based intervention program on cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: A randomized control trial. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9, (5).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051283"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/09602010701409684","article-title":"Changing everyday memory behaviour in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: A randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Troyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuropsychological Rehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.14738\/assrj.96.12595","article-title":"Remote learning for adults with mild cognitive impairment in the new landscape of COVID-19 restrictions","volume":"9","author":"Tsiakiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsiakiri, A., Bakirtzis, C., Plakias, S., Vlotinou, P., Vadikolias, K., Terzoudi, A., and Christidi, F. (2024a). Predictive models for the transition from mild neurocognitive disorder to major neurocognitive disorder: Insights from clinical, demographic, and neuropsychological data. Biomedicines, 12, (6).","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12061232"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint16010014","article-title":"Processing speed and attentional shift\/mental flexibility in patients with stroke: A comprehensive review on the trail making test in stroke studies","volume":"16","author":"Tsiakiri","year":"2024b","journal-title":"Neurology International"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.33879\/AMH.153.2023.01005","article-title":"The role of a computerized cognitive intervention program on the neuropsychiatric symptoms in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"15","author":"Tsiakiri","year":"2024c","journal-title":"Aging Medicine and Healthcare"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsiakiri, A., Vadikolias, K., Tripsianis, G., Vlotinou, P., Serdari, A., Terzoudi, A., and Heliopoulos, I. (2021). Influence of social and demographic factors on the montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test in rural population of North-Eastern Greece. Geriatrics, 6, (2).","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics6020043"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1177\/153331750001500513","article-title":"The Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG): A validation study in outpatients suffering from dementia and non-demented elderly subjects (including Age Associated Cognitive Decline patients) in Greece","volume":"15","author":"Tsolaki","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease & Other Dementias\u00ae"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617707071512","article-title":"Effect of memory impairment on training outcomes in ACTIVE","volume":"13","author":"Unverzagt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2004.05.002","article-title":"The effect of two types of memory training on subjective and objective memory performance in healthy individuals aged 55 years and older: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"57","author":"Valentijn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Patient Education and Counseling"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.7.1023","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging predictors of cognition in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"64","author":"Korf","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Neurology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2508","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa022252","article-title":"Leisure activities and the risk of dementia in the elderly","volume":"348","author":"Verghese","year":"2003","journal-title":"The New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.7.2.242","article-title":"Improving memory performance in the aged through mnemonic training: A meta-analytic study","volume":"7","author":"Verhaeghen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlotinou, P., Tsiakiri, A., Frantzidis, C. A., Katsouri, I.-G., and Aggelousis, N. (2023). The effect of an interventional movement program on the mechanical gait characteristics of a patient with dementia. Engineering Proceedings, 50, (1).","DOI":"10.3390\/engproc2023050004"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.23.2805","article-title":"Long-term effects of cognitive training on everyday functional outcomes in older adults","volume":"296","author":"Willis","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Sun, W., Zhang, D., Chung, V. C.-H., Sit, R. W.-S., and Wong, S. Y.-S. (2021). Comparative effectiveness of interventions for global cognition in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.653340"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2005.297","article-title":"From visual simulation to virtual reality to games","volume":"38","author":"Zyda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computer"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/15\/3\/34\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T16:50:56Z","timestamp":1760028656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/15\/3\/34"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ejihpe15030034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe15030034","relation":{},"ISSN":["2254-9625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2254-9625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]]}}}