{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:28:22Z","timestamp":1760059702796,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Tsukuba"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of studies suggesting that social networking services (SNSs) use poses a risk to children\u2019s body image continue to expand, but most studies have focused on adolescents. The study aimed to examine the associations between SNS use and body image among elementary school children in Japan. This study examined the relationship between SNSs use and body size perception and preference, body size misperception, and ideal body image among 1261 preadolescents (611 boys and 650 girls), aged 8\u201312 years (mean age = 9.64; SD =1.15; 52% girls), separately by sex. Using hierarchical multivariate linear regression analyses and logistic regression analyses, we examined body image factors and SNS use as the dependent and independent variables, respectively. Findings indicate that children who use SNSs do not significantly differ from nonusers regarding body dissatisfaction. However, SNS use is positively associated with body size misperception in girls. Additionally, for boys and girls, SNS use seems to increase the likelihood of admiring the body image of media figures rather than friends or classmates. Understanding how SNS use influences body image remains important for promoting healthy development in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe15070125","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T04:43:37Z","timestamp":1751863417000},"page":"125","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Social Networking Service Use and Body Image Among Elementary School Children in Japan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1886-4359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asami","family":"Baba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masumi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gakuen no Mori Compulsory Education School, Ibaraki 305-0816, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rikako","family":"Yoshitake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Inose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences, Tokiwa University, Ibaraki 310-0911, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5908-1584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naomi","family":"Omi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Morgan, D. R. (2000). Eating disorder, body image & the media, BMJ Publishing Group."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2012.09.001","article-title":"Body dissatisfaction from adolescence to young adulthood: Findings from a 10-year longitudinal study","volume":"10","author":"Bucchianeri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, H., Park, J., Lee, D., and Shin, D. W. (Korean Journal of Family Medicine, 2024). Association of body image distortion with smartphone dependency and usage time in adolescents: A cross-sectional Korean youth study, Korean Journal of Family Medicine, advance online publication.","DOI":"10.4082\/kjfm.23.0159"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-022-00404-5","article-title":"The perfect storm: A developmental\u2013sociocultural framework for the role of social media in adolescent girls\u2019 body image concerns and mental health","volume":"25","author":"Roberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-108X(199103)10:2<199::AID-EAT2260100209>3.0.CO;2-D","article-title":"Body figure perceptions and preferences among preadolescent children","volume":"10","author":"Collins","year":"1991","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Common Sense (2025, July 03). The Common Sense Census: Media use by tweens and teens, 2021, Available online: https:\/\/www.commonsensemedia.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/report\/8-18-census-integrated-report-final-web_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.13189\/ujer.2017.051001","article-title":"A review of instruments for assessing body image in preschoolers","volume":"5","author":"Navas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Universal Journal of Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dane, A., and Bhatia, K. (2023). The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people. PLoS Glob Public Health, 3, (3).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001091"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431620983442","article-title":"The STEM pipeline: Do media and self-objectification create an early exit for middle school girls?","volume":"41","author":"Daniels","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Early Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s40596-017-0832-z","article-title":"Body image, media, and eating disorders\u2014A 10-year update","volume":"42","author":"Derenne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Academic Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(96)00084-5","article-title":"Parental influences on the dieting beliefs and behaviors of adolescent females in New Zealand","volume":"19","author":"Dixon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Duggan, M., and Smith, A. (2013). Social media update 2013, Pew research internet project. Available online: http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2013\/12\/30\/social-media-update-2013\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Fukuoka City Official Website (2025, April 25). City profile, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Fukuoka City Official Website (2025, April 25). Fukuoka city estimated population, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Grogan, S. (2016). Body image: Understanding body dissatisfaction in men, women and children, Routledge. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansson, E., and Schmidt, M. (Eating Disorders, 2025). Measuring disordered eating in adolescent boys: A systematic literature review, Eating Disorders, Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1080\/10640266.2024.2433325"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2004.10.002","article-title":"Idealized media images and adolescent body image: \u201cComparing\u201d boys and girls","volume":"1","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2004","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2016.02.008","article-title":"A systematic review of the impact of the use of social networking sites on body image and disordered eating outcomes","volume":"17","author":"Holland","year":"2016","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hosseini, S. A., and Padhy, R. K. (2023). Body image distortion (archived). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2020.1737545","article-title":"When media become the mirror: A meta-analysis on media and body image","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Media Psychology"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Ibaraki Prefectural Government (2025, July 03). 2020 population census basic population results report, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Japan Society of School Health (2025, July 03). Health checkup manual for students, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Japan Sports Agency (2025, April 25). Results of the 2024 nationwide survey on physical fitness, motor skills, and exercise habits, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-020-01390-z","article-title":"Motivations for social media use: Associations with social media engagement and body satisfaction and well-being among adolescents","volume":"50","author":"Jarman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, E. H., and Jun, M. K. (2022). Factors affecting body image distortion in adolescents. Children, 9, (12).","DOI":"10.3390\/children9121944"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karam, J. M., Bouteen, C., Mahmoud, Y., Tur, J. A., and Bouzas, C. (2023). The relationship between social media use and body image in Lebanese university students. Nutrients, 15, (18).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15183961"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2004.03.001","article-title":"An evaluation of the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction and eating disturbance with adolescent girls","volume":"1","author":"Keery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.01.009","article-title":"Body image 2.0: Associations between social grooming on Facebook and body image concerns","volume":"48","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kvardova, N., Machackova, H., Maes, C., and Vandenbosch, L. (Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2025). Navigating beauty standards on social media: Impact of appearance activity on adolescents\u2019 body dissatisfaction, Journal of Youth and Adolescence, online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-025-02159-y"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2213237","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.13237","article-title":"Association of smartphone use with body image distortion and weight loss behaviors in Korean adolescents","volume":"5","author":"Kwon","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.01.004","article-title":"Body image distortion and three types of weight loss behaviors among nonoverweight girls in the United States","volume":"47","author":"Liechty","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.12.001","article-title":"Exploring the tripartite influence model of body dissatisfaction in postpartum women","volume":"24","author":"Lovering","year":"2018","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22254","article-title":"Do you \u201clike\u201d my photo? Facebook use maintains eating disorder risk","volume":"47","author":"Mabe","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.05.005","article-title":"An examination of preadolescent girls\u2019 social media use and body image: Type of engagement may matter most","volume":"42","author":"Markey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2025, April 25). 2024 school health statistics survey results, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (2025, July 03). Overview of the 2024 national survey of academic achievement, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (2025, April 25). Information and communications in Japan, Available online: https:\/\/www.soumu.go.jp\/johotsusintokei\/whitepaper\/eng\/WP2021\/2021-index.html\/."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.64.31","article-title":"Psychological features and nutritional assessment of female university students with a tendency toward Eeating disorders","volume":"64","author":"Miyazaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Mobile Society Research Institute (2025, July 03). 2023 Parents and children survey, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3044","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29961-7","article-title":"Structural equation modeling of direct and indirect associations of social media addiction with eating behavior in adolescents and young adults","volume":"13","author":"Mohsenpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"29","article-title":"Drive for thinness and social comparison (1): Moderating effects of thin-ideal internalization","volume":"45","author":"Moriyasu","year":"2012","journal-title":"DWCLA Human Life and Science"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Murata, M. (2003). Report of research on nutrition, exercise and recreation from the viewpoint of health and QOL in children, supported by Health, Labour and Welfare for research on Health Services in 2002. On the optimal weight in school-age children, Doshisha Women\u2019s College of Liberal Arts. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagata, J. M., Brown, T. A., Murray, S. B., and Lavender, J. M. (2021). Eating disorders in boys and men, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-67127-3"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.04.032","article-title":"Eating, activity, and weight-related problems from adolescence to adulthood","volume":"55","author":"Wall","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2009.05.002","article-title":"Self-objectification and ideal body shape for men and women","volume":"6","author":"Oehlhof","year":"2009","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60366-3","article-title":"Pubertal transitions in health","volume":"369","author":"Patton","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedalino, F., and Camerini, A. L. (2022). Instagram use and body dissatisfaction: The mediating role of upward social comparison with peers and influencers among young females. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, (3).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031543"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Piran, N., Levine, M., and Steiner-Adair, C. (1999). Preventing eating disorders: A handbook of interventions and special challenges, Routledge. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.157.8.1297","article-title":"Body image perception among men in three countries","volume":"157","author":"Pope","year":"2000a","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Pope, H. G., Pope, H., Phillips, K. A., and Olivardia, R. (2000b). The adonis complex: The secret crisis of male body obsession, Simon and Schuster."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.103501","article-title":"Adolescent development and risk for the onset of social-emotional disorders: A review and conceptual model","volume":"123","author":"Rapee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-0153(01)00044-7","article-title":"Psychometric evaluation of the body change inventory: An assessment instrument for adolescent boys and girls","volume":"3","author":"Ricciardelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eating Behaviors"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ricciardelli, L. A., and Yager, Z. (2015). Adolescence and body image: From development to preventing dissatisfaction, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315849379"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.03.002","article-title":"Incorporating social media and muscular ideal internalization into the tripartite influence model of body image: Towards a modern understanding of adolescent girls\u2019 body dissatisfaction","volume":"41","author":"Roberts","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.04.009","article-title":"An exploration of the tripartite influence model of body Dissatisfaction and disordered eating among Australian and French college women","volume":"8","author":"Rodgers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.02.009","article-title":"Social media and body image: Modulating effects of social identities and user characteristics","volume":"41","author":"Rodgers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-019-01190-0","article-title":"A biopsychosocial model of social media use and body image concerns, disordered eating, and muscle-building behaviors among adolescent girls and boys","volume":"49","author":"Rodgers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.07.028","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of the relationship between social media use and body image disturbance","volume":"101","author":"Saiphoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"321","article-title":"Eating disorder tendency in high school students: Gender differences","volume":"50","author":"Sato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/ipm.2020.93","article-title":"Social comparisons on social media: Online appearance-related activity and body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls","volume":"40","author":"Scully","year":"2023","journal-title":"Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-023-00898-6","article-title":"A scoping literature review of the associations between highly visual social media use and eating disorders and disordered eating: A changing landscape","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1006\/jado.1993.1025","article-title":"Close relationships and coping behavior in adolescence","volume":"16","author":"Shulman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Smahel, D., Machackova, H., Mascheroni, G., Dedkova, L., Staksrud, E., \u00d3lafsson, K., Livingstone, S., and Hasebrink, U. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020: Survey results from 19 countries, EU Kids Online."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.01.032","article-title":"Status update: Maladaptive Facebook usage predicts increases in body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms","volume":"149","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431613501083","article-title":"NetTweens: The internet and body image concerns in preteenage girls","volume":"34","author":"Tiggemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Early Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2018.03.169","article-title":"Changes in body image and onset of disordered eating behaviors in youth with type 1 diabetes over a five-year longitudinal follow-up","volume":"109","author":"Troncone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Research"},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Tsukuba City Official Website (2025, April 26). Tsukuba City overview, (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2011.04.008","article-title":"Renement of the tripartite influence model for men: Dual body image pathways to body change behaviors","volume":"8","author":"Tylka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650215600488","article-title":"The interrelated roles of mass media and social media in adolescents\u2019 development of an objectified self-concept: A longitudinal study","volume":"43","author":"Vandenbosch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025408101275","article-title":"Peer acceptance and social behavior during childhood and adolescence: How important are appearance, athleticism, and academic competence?","volume":"33","author":"Vannatta","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Development"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12084","article-title":"The role of friends and peers in adolescent body dissatisfaction: A review and critique of 15 years of research","volume":"24","author":"Webb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Research on Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yumen, Y., Takayama, Y., Hanzawa, F., Sakane, N., and Nagai, N. (2023). Association of social networking sites use with actual and ideal body shapes, and eating behaviors in healthy young Japanese women. Nutrients, 15, (7).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071589"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Wang, Y., Li, Q., and Wu, C. (2021). The relationship between SNS usage and disordered eating behaviors: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.641919"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/15\/7\/125\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:05:38Z","timestamp":1760033138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/15\/7\/125"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ejihpe15070125"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe15070125","relation":{},"ISSN":["2254-9625"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2254-9625"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]]}}}