{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T14:47:32Z","timestamp":1781880452640,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College","award":["WH10022025015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WH10022025015"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College","award":["WH10022025021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WH10022025021"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences &amp; Peking Union Medical College","award":["2024-CFT-QT-034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024-CFT-QT-034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Workplace violence (WPV) against healthcare workers (HCWs) in infectious disease hospitals, particularly in high-risk settings, remains a critical yet understudied occupational hazard. A mixed-methods study was conducted at a Chinese infectious disease hospital, combining quantitative surveys (N = 675) and semi-structured interviews (28 HCWs, 17 patients\/families). Logistic regression was used to analyze WPV incidence and predictors, while a thematic analysis of interview data identified contextual drivers. Psychological violence (34.1%) was significantly more prevalent than physical violence (2.2%), with outpatient departments (44.1%) and temporary staff (OR = 1.72) at the highest risk. Qualitative themes revealed systemic triggers, including communication breakdowns, environmental stressors, and organizational gaps in safety protocols and reporting. This study addressed a critical gap by incorporating the perspectives of HCWs and patients, revealing that WPV perceptions vary due to differing expectations and experiences. From these results, the CARE (Communication, Advocacy, Respect, Education) framework proposes actionable strategies: standardized SBAR communication protocols, enhanced security protocols in high-risk units, and mandatory anti-violence training. These findings underscore the need to strengthen the occupational health system to mitigate WPV and to improve healthcare quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe15080155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T08:10:32Z","timestamp":1754899832000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["An Investigation on Workplace Violence in an Infectious Disease Hospital: A Mixed-Methods Study from the Perspectives of Healthcare Workers and Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-5521-3536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuting","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4273-6836","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuning","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiming","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinxin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuechun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fuyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiran","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Population Medicine and Public Health, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2017.1405314","article-title":"Workplace violence toward hospital staff and volunteers: A survey of an Italian sample","volume":"27","author":"Varetto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.12816\/0047466","article-title":"Workplace violence in healthcare: An emerging occupational hazard","volume":"40","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bahrain Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-024-00892-2","article-title":"Impacts for health and care workers of COVID-19 and other public health emergencies of international concern: Living systematic review, meta-analysis and policy recommendations","volume":"22","author":"Amde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Human Resources for Health"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"2071","article-title":"Challenges and impact of workplace stress on employee health and productivity","volume":"5","author":"Ansari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Informatics Education and Research"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/02678379808256846","article-title":"The Violent Incident Form (VIF): A practical instrument for the registration of violent incidents in the health care workplace","volume":"12","author":"Arnetz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Work & Stress"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00146-5","article-title":"Violence towards health care staff and possible effects on the quality of patient care","volume":"52","author":"Arnetz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Multiple dimensions of violence against healthcare providers in Karachi: Results from a multicenter study from Karachi","volume":"68","author":"Baig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327027hc0202_4","article-title":"Patient power in doctor-patient communication: What do we know?","volume":"2","author":"Beisecker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Health Communication"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-024-04844-z","article-title":"Violence against healthcare professionals in intensive care units: A systematic review and meta-analysis of frequency, risk factors, interventions, and preventive measures","volume":"28","author":"Berger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Critical Care"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5430870","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5430870","article-title":"Addressing risks of violence against healthcare staff in emergency departments: The effects of job satisfaction and attachment style","volume":"2019","author":"Berlanda","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.56294\/cid202231","article-title":"Workplace violence in the health sector: Focus on the Argentinean context","volume":"2","year":"2022","journal-title":"Community and Interculturality in Dialogue"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmi-Iluz, T., Peleg, R., Freud, T., and Shvartzman, P. (2005). Verbal and physical violence towards hospital- and community-based physicians in the Negev: An observational study. BMC Health Services Research, 5, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-5-54"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Chappell, D., and Di Martino, V. (2006). Violence at work, International Labour Organization. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"157","article-title":"Investigation of workplace violence in a secondary-grade class-A hospital: Investigation using the hospital workplace violence survey tool developed by the World Health Organization","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Diseases"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chiang, S. L., Chiang, L. C., Tzeng, W. C., and Dai, Y. T. (2022). Impact of rotating shifts on lifestyle patterns and perceived stress among nurses: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, (9).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19095235"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1097\/JTN.0000000000000269","article-title":"Workplace violence and perceptions of safety among emergency department staff members: Experiences, expectations, tolerance, reporting, and recommendations","volume":"24","author":"Copeland","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma Nursing"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dopelt, K., Davidovitch, N., Stupak, A., Ben Ayun, R., Lev Eltsufin, A., and Levy, C. (2022). Workplace violence against hospital workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Israel: Implications for public health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, (8).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084659"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Durand, M.-A., Moulton, B., Cockle, E., Tuffrey, C., and Elwyn, G. (2015). Can shared decision-making reduce medical malpractice litigation? A systematic review. BMC Health Services Research, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-015-0823-2"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2648.2005.03426.x","article-title":"Causes and management of patient aggression and violence: Staff and patient perspectives","volume":"50","author":"Duxbury","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.13019","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors that relate to aggression perpetrated against nurses by patients\/relatives or staff","volume":"25","author":"Edward","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Nursing"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1080\/02813432.2017.1333319","article-title":"Threats or violence from patients was associated with turnover intention among foreign-born GPs: A comparison of four workplace factors associated with attitudes of wanting to quit one\u2019s job as a GP","volume":"35","author":"Eneroth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqm142","article-title":"Violence risks in nursing: Results from the European \u201cNEXT\u201d Study","volume":"58","author":"Camerino","year":"2008","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.12002","article-title":"Patient and visitor assault on nurses and midwives: An exploratory study of employer \u2018protective\u2019 factors","volume":"23","author":"Farrell","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Mental Health Nursing"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S114870","article-title":"Workplace violence in different settings and among various health professionals in an Italian general hospital: A cross-sectional study","volume":"9","author":"Ferri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychology Research and Behavior Management"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"General Office of the CPC Central Committee, and General Office of the State Council (2024, July 10). Opinions on further improving the medical and health service system, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/zhengce\/2023-03\/23\/content_5748063.htm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/19338244.2016.1160861","article-title":"Worker, workplace, and community\/environmental risk factors for workplace violence in emergency departments","volume":"72","author":"Gillespie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.13524","article-title":"The effects of work factors on nurses\u2019 job satisfaction, quality of care and turnover intentions in oncology","volume":"74","author":"Gillet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Advanced Nursing"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Government of Ontario (2024, July 10). Excellent care for all act, 2010, S.O. 2010, c. 14, Available online: https:\/\/www.ontario.ca\/laws\/statute\/10e14."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461518786162","article-title":"\u201cPlease do not act violently towards the staff\u201d: Expressions and causes of anger, violence, and aggression in Israeli cancer patients and their families from the perspective of oncologists","volume":"56","author":"Granek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transcultural Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2008.07.001","article-title":"Patient and visitor violence in general hospitals: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"13","author":"Hahn","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2019.03.013","article-title":"Estimating the economic burden posed by work-related violence to society: A systematic review of cost-of-illness studies","volume":"116","author":"Hassard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Safety Science"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2013.07.014","article-title":"A review of research on the prevalence, antecedents, consequences and prevention of workplace aggression in clinical medical practice","volume":"18","author":"Hills","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-013-2129-5","article-title":"Violence against healthcare workers","volume":"37","author":"Hinsenkamp","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Orthopaedics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.24457.1","article-title":"Epidemiology of mental health problems in COVID-19: A review","volume":"9","author":"Hossain","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000Research"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Zhang, M., He, C., Wang, F., Liu, Y., Wu, J., Luo, Q., Tang, Y., and Chen, N. (2024). Characteristics and trends of workplace violence towards frontline health workers under comprehensive interventions in a Chinese infectious disease hospital. Healthcare, 12, (19).","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare12191911"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e94","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.1340","article-title":"Mediating effects of emotional exhaustion on the relationship between job demand\u2013control model and mental health","volume":"27","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stress and Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031313","article-title":"Benefits of mindfulness at work: The role of mindfulness in emotion regulation, emotional exhaustion, and job satisfaction","volume":"98","author":"Alberts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Psychology"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"International Labour Office (2024, July 10). Recommendation 206: Violence and harassment recommendation, 2019, Available online: https:\/\/normlex.ilo.org\/dyn\/nrmlx_en\/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_INSTRUMENT_ID%2CP12100_LANG_CODE:4000085%2Ces."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"International Labour Office (2024, July 10). Violence and harassment convention, 2019 (No. 190), Available online: https:\/\/www.ilo.org\/dyn\/normlex\/en\/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C190."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"International Labour Office, International Council of Nurses, World Health Organization, and Public Services International (2024, July 10). Workplace violence in the health sector\u2014Country case study research instruments\u2014Survey questionnaire, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/workplace-violence-in-the-health-sector---country-case-study-research-instruments---survey-questionnaire."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janssen, M., Heerkens, Y., Kuijer, W., van der Heijden, B., and Engels, J. (2018). Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on employees\u2019 mental health: A systematic review. PLoS ONE, 13, (1).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191332"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20181381","article-title":"Doctor becomes a patient: A qualitative study of health care work place violence related perception among junior doctors working in a teaching hospital in India","volume":"5","author":"Joshi","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, A., Ahamed, F., Sengupta, P., Majhi, J., and Ghosh, T. (2020). Pattern of workplace violence against doctors practising modern medicine and the subsequent impact on patient care, in India. PLoS ONE, 15, (9).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239193"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"e48231","article-title":"Pattern of violence among healthcare workers in a tertiary care government hospital and a multi-specialty private hospital in Sagar, India: A cross-sectional study","volume":"15","author":"Khiyani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1228395","article-title":"Patient aggression towards different professional groups of healthcare workers","volume":"24","author":"Kowalczuk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3363","DOI":"10.1177\/15248380221126476","article-title":"Workplace violence in healthcare settings: A scoping review of guidelines and systematic reviews","volume":"24","author":"Ladak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/13623699.2018.1540095","article-title":"Violence against health-care workers in a conflict affected city","volume":"35","author":"Lafta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine, Conflict and Survival"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2014.07.010","article-title":"The aftermath of workplace violence among healthcare workers: A systematic literature review of the consequences","volume":"19","author":"Guay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2011.07.006","article-title":"Violence in the emergency department: An ethnographic study (Part I)","volume":"20","author":"Lau","year":"2012a","journal-title":"International Emergency Nursing"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ienj.2011.08.001","article-title":"Violence in the emergency department: An ethnographic study (Part II)","volume":"20","author":"Lau","year":"2012b","journal-title":"International Emergency Nursing"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y.-L., Li, R.-Q., Qiu, D., and Xiao, S.-Y. (2020). Prevalence of workplace physical violence against health care professionals by patients and visitors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, (1).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17010299"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"7","article-title":"Systematic analysis on legal system of workplace violence prevention and control in Chinese medical institutions","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Occupational Medicine in China"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e085673","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-085673","article-title":"Defensive healthcare practice: Systematic review of qualitative evidence","volume":"14","author":"Lorenc","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1547-5069.2011.01392.x","article-title":"Workplace violence against nursing students and nurses: An Italian experience","volume":"43","author":"Magnavita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Scholarship"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22797","article-title":"Violence against emergency medical services personnel: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"61","author":"Maguire","year":"2018","journal-title":"American Journal of Industrial Medicine"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2015.07.002","article-title":"Violence against doctors: The class wars","volume":"67","author":"Mishra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Heart Journal"},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2024, July 10). Workplace occupational health and hygiene management regulations, Available online: https:\/\/www.gov.cn\/gongbao\/content\/2021\/content_5595925.htm."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (2024, July 10). Basic standards for the evaluation of professional titles of health technical personnel, Available online: https:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/renshi\/c100028\/202108\/49c24b0b171b4f85976d9a6a177e5e48.shtml."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"5","article-title":"Workplace violence in healthcare: Strategies for advocacy","volume":"18","author":"Papa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Online Journal of Issues in Nursing"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/15555240.2021.1872382","article-title":"How do work organization conditions affect job performance? The mediating role of workers\u2019 well-being","volume":"36","author":"Marchand","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s40163-017-0073-1","article-title":"Personal security alarms for the prevention of assaults against healthcare staff","volume":"6","author":"Perkins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crime Science"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1501998","article-title":"Workplace violence against health care workers in the United States","volume":"374","author":"Phillips","year":"2016","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.9734\/JSRR\/2015\/16654","article-title":"Influence of work overload, work-family conflicts and negative affectivity on job embeddedness and emotional exhaustion: The moderating role of coworker support (case of health management)","volume":"7","author":"Qaiser","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Scientific Research and Reports"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of work-life balance on job performance and job satisfaction among healthcare professionals in Malaysia","volume":"5","author":"Runze","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.7748\/nm2012.02.18.9.14.c8889","article-title":"Creating a positive workplace culture","volume":"18","author":"Sergeant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nursing Management-UK"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"58","article-title":"Violence against physicians and nurses in a hospital: How does it happen? A mixed-methods study","volume":"6","author":"Chinitz","year":"2017a","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Health Policy Research"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"48","article-title":"Workplace violence in a tertiary care Israeli hospital: A systematic analysis of the types of violence, the perpetrators and hospital departments","volume":"6","author":"Zelker","year":"2017b","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Health Policy Research"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s40886-018-0073-1","article-title":"Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendation (SBAR) communication tool for handoff in health care: A narrative review","volume":"4","author":"Shahid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Safety in Health"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, J., Wang, S., Zhou, P., Shi, L., Zhang, Y., Bai, F., Xue, D., and Zhang, X. (2015). The frequency of patient-initiated violence and its psychological impact on physicians in China: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 10, (6).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128394"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva, I., and Costa, D. (2023). Consequences of shift work and night work: A literature review. Healthcare, 11, (10).","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11101410"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spelten, E., Thomas, B., O\u2019Meara, P., van Vuuren, J., and McGillion, A. (2020a). Violence against emergency department nurses: Can we identify the perpetrators?. PLoS ONE, 15, (4).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230793"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"CD012662","article-title":"Organisational interventions for preventing and minimising aggression directed towards healthcare workers by patients and patient advocates","volume":"2020","author":"Spelten","year":"2020b","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CD001431","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001431.pub5","article-title":"Decision aids for people facing health treatment or screening decisions","volume":"2017","author":"Stacey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/jocn.12294","article-title":"Patient factors associated with incidents of aggression in a general inpatient setting","volume":"23","author":"Williamson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Nursing"},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024, July 10). Preventing violence against health workers, Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/activities\/preventing-violence-against-health-workers."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Z., Li, J., Chen, Y., He, D., and Wang, J. (2017). The effects of patients initiated aggression on Chinese medical students\u2019 career planning. BMC Health Services Research, 17, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2810-2"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0046958020969313","DOI":"10.1177\/0046958020969313","article-title":"Effect of workplace violence on turnover intention: The mediating roles of job control, psychological demands, and social support","volume":"57","author":"Yeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s12960-023-00868-8","article-title":"Contemporary evidence of workplace violence against the primary healthcare workforce worldwide: A systematic review","volume":"21","author":"Yusoff","year":"2023","journal-title":"Human Resources for Health"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"923","article-title":"International consensus on workplace violence in health sector and its meaning to practice in China","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chinese Nursing Management"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.glohj.2021.11.007","article-title":"Occupational health protection for health workers during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: 6P-approach in China","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Global Health Journal"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/15\/8\/155\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:27:54Z","timestamp":1760034474000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/15\/8\/155"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["ejihpe15080155"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe15080155","relation":{},"ISSN":["2254-9625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2254-9625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]}}}