{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T23:22:04Z","timestamp":1791501724349,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are critical determinants of long-term psychological and physiological health outcomes. Transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) individuals are at increased risk for ACEs, including family rejection, peer victimization, and systemic discrimination. Despite the growing body of research on this topic, an updated synthesis of recent literature is needed to understand the evolving landscape of ACE-related risks and protective factors in TGNC populations. This systematic review, conducted according to PRISMA guidelines, examined studies published between 2020 and 2024 that were related to the association between ACEs and mental health outcomes in TGNC individuals. A comprehensive database search yielded 6124 articles, 42 of which met the inclusion criteria. Data extraction focused on the type of ACEs reported, associated mental health outcomes, resilience factors, and clinical implications. The results showed that TGNC individuals are significantly more likely to experience childhood maltreatment, including emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, as well as transphobia-specific ACEs such as forced gender conformity and identity denial. These experiences are associated with an increased risk of depression, PTSD, suicidality, and substance use disorders. Family rejection was found to be a critical risk factor, while social support, gender-specific care, and self-efficacy showed protective effects. The reviewed studies emphasize the urgent need for trauma-informed and gender-affirming mental health interventions to mitigate the effects of ACEs on TGNC individuals. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe15090183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T07:52:28Z","timestamp":1757663548000},"page":"183","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Burden of the Past: A Systematic Review of Childhood Trauma and Mental Health in Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Individuals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8891-3549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Di Fini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Clinico Crocetta, Scuola di Specializzazione in Psicoterapia Cognitiva, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8299-8032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Civilotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Bolognino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Einaudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Clinico Crocetta, Scuola di Specializzazione in Psicoterapia Cognitiva, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariateresa","family":"Molo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carlo Molo Foundation, 10123 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Veglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Clinico Crocetta, Scuola di Specializzazione in Psicoterapia Cognitiva, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriella","family":"Gandino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0364-6846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Finzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Turin, 10124 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Centro Clinico Crocetta, Scuola di Specializzazione in Psicoterapia Cognitiva, 10129 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2021.0062","article-title":"Transphobic adverse childhood experiences as a determinant of mental and sexual health for young trans women in the San Francisco bay area","volume":"7","author":"Arayasirikul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP2696","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520915554","article-title":"Suicidality among transgender youth: Elucidating the role of interpersonal risk factors","volume":"37","author":"Austin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106705","article-title":"Associations between early child adversity and lifetime suicide attempts among gender diverse individuals: A moderated mediation","volume":"149","author":"Meshelemiah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/jnu.12889","article-title":"General self-efficacy as a mediator of the association between adverse childhood experiences and psychological distress in gender-minority individuals","volume":"56","author":"Belloir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Nursing Scholarship"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.252","article-title":"Early adverse experiences and the developing brain","volume":"41","author":"Bick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.07.016","article-title":"Childhood adversities are common among trans people and associated with adult depression and suicidality","volume":"141","author":"Biedermann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatric Research"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2021.0415","article-title":"The association between family physical abuse and suicide attempts among gender minority adolescents: A comparison study","volume":"10","author":"Brangwin","year":"2023","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Q., Zhang, Q., Chen, Y., He, Z., Xiang, Z., Guan, H., Yan, N., Qiang, Y., and Li, M. (2023). The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and childhood abuse in transgender people: A cross-sectional cohort study. Frontiers in Psychology, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1062601"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2021.1901991","article-title":"Affirming and negotiating gender in family and social spaces: Stigma, mental health and resilience among transmasculine people in India","volume":"24","author":"Chakrapani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Culture, Health and Sexuality"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/famp.12958","article-title":"Gender identity differences in the experiences of family stressors and violence among transgender and non-binary individuals in China","volume":"63","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Family Process"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1080\/26895269.2022.2100644","article-title":"Standards of care for the health of transgender and gender diverse people, version 8","volume":"23","author":"Coleman","year":"2022","journal-title":"International Journal of Transgender Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejtd.2019.05.001","article-title":"State of mind of attachment and reflective function in an Italian transsexual sample","volume":"5","author":"Cussino","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1001\/archpediatrics.2009.214","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences and adult risk factors for age-related disease: Depression, inflammation, and clustering of metabolic risk markers","volume":"163","author":"Danese","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2020.1802772","article-title":"Risk factors for violence in transgender people: A retrospective study of experiences during adolescence","volume":"14","author":"Rebeca","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychology & Sexuality"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02753-9","article-title":"Young transgender women of color: Homelessness, poverty, childhood sexual abuse and implications for HIV care","volume":"25","author":"Eastwood","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feil, K., Riedl, D., B\u00f6ttcher, B., Fuchs, M., Kapelari, K., Gr\u00e4\u00dfer, S., Toth, B., and Lampe, A. (2023). Higher prevalence of adverse childhood experiences in transgender than in cisgender individuals: Results from a single-center observational study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12, (13).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134501"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8","article-title":"Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) study","volume":"14","author":"Felitti","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012824","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-012824","article-title":"Development of a brief measure of intimate partner violence experiences: The Composite Abuse Scale (Revised)\u2014Short Form (CASR-SF)","volume":"6","author":"Wathen","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"403","article-title":"\u201cI\u2019m just so glad that i saved my life\u201d: A grounded theory analysis of transgender and non-binary Latinx people navigating family rejection and intergenerational violence","volume":"18","author":"Herrawi","year":"2022","journal-title":"LGBTQ+ Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2021.0055","article-title":"Suicidal ideation among transgender and gender expansive youth: Mechanisms of risk","volume":"7","author":"Garthe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1080\/19361653.2022.2132443","article-title":"Grade-level differences of peer and dating victimization among transgender, gender expansive, female, and male adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Garthe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of LGBT Youth"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Joanna Briggs Institute (2017). Checklist for analytical cross sectional studies, The Joanna Briggs Institute."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/car.2748","article-title":"Transgender identity and experiences of sexual harassment in adolescence","volume":"31","author":"Kaltiala","year":"2022","journal-title":"Child Abuse Review"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s40653-018-0237-5","article-title":"Expanding the original definition of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)","volume":"12","author":"Karatekin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2019.1675222","article-title":"LGBTQ+ based discrimination is associated with PTSD symptoms, dissociation, emotion dysregulation, and attachment insecurity among LGBTQ+ adults who have experienced trauma","volume":"21","author":"Keating","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Trauma & Dissociation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP8567","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519844781","article-title":"Socially assigned gender nonconformity and school violence experience among transgender and cisgender adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Klemmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kozlowska, K., Chudleigh, C., McClure, G., Maguire, A. M., and Ambler, G. R. (2021). Attachment patterns in children and adolescents with gender dysphoria. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.582688"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2242","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520935093","article-title":"Context, types, and consequences of violence across the life course: A qualitative study of the lived experiences of transgender women living with HIV","volume":"37","author":"Olawale","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lian, Q. G., Li, R. L., Liu, Z. H., Li, X. N., Su, Q. R., and Zheng, D. P. (2022). Associations of nonconforming gender expression and gender identity with bullying victimization: An analysis of the 2017 youth risk behavior survey. BMC Public Health, 22, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13071-6"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000062","article-title":"Qualitative research synthesis: Methodological guidance for systematic reviewers utilizing meta-aggregation","volume":"13","author":"Lockwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2019.12.021","article-title":"Violence victimization, substance use disparities, and gender-nonconforming youth","volume":"58","author":"Lowry","year":"2020","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"275","article-title":"The impact of family support and rejection on suicide ideation and attempt among transgender adults in the U.S.","volume":"19","author":"Miller","year":"2023","journal-title":"LGBTQ+ Family: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2019.1690034","article-title":"Predictors of sexual victimisation and suicidal ideation among transgender and gender-nonconforming adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Marx","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychology and Sexuality"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1080\/09540253.2021.1884201","article-title":"Trans and gender diverse youth resisting cisnormativity in school","volume":"33","author":"McBride","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gender and Education"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","article-title":"Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence","volume":"129","author":"Meyer","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-019-01533-9","article-title":"High burden of mental health problems, substance use, violence, and related psychosocial factors in transgender, non-binary, and gender diverse youth and young adults","volume":"49","author":"Newcomb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"The BMJ"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-021-00785-6","article-title":"Transgender and gender diverse youth\u2019s experiences of gender-related adversity","volume":"40","author":"Price","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2021.0079","article-title":"Association of gender identity acceptance with fewer suicide attempts among transgender and nonbinary youth","volume":"8","author":"Price","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chc.2023.04.001","article-title":"Traumatic stress and resilience among transgender and gender diverse youth","volume":"32","author":"Ramos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2022.0161","article-title":"Associations between childhood sexual abuse, intimate partner violence trauma exposure, mental health, and social gender affirmation among black transgender women","volume":"7","author":"Ricks","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health Equity"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2021.2019095","article-title":"Attachment buffers against the association between childhood sexual abuse, depression, and substance use problems among transgender women: A moderated-mediation model","volume":"13","author":"Sizemore","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychology & Sexuality"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1177\/19485506211039388","article-title":"Mental health contributors among transgender people in a non-WEIRD society: Evidence from China","volume":"13","author":"Spielmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719000643","article-title":"Associations between negative life experiences and the mental health of trans and gender diverse young people in Australia: Findings from trans pathways","volume":"50","author":"Strauss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2019.0232","article-title":"Mental health issues and complex experiences of abuse among trans and gender diverse young people: Findings from trans pathways","volume":"7","author":"Strauss","year":"2020","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2024.106678","article-title":"Mediational pathways exploring the link between adverse childhood experiences and physical health in a transgender population","volume":"149","author":"Strenth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105161","article-title":"Preliminary findings for adverse childhood experiences and associations with negative physical and mental health and victimization in transmasculine adults","volume":"118","author":"Suarez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Abuse & Neglect"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000081","article-title":"Development of the gender minority stress and resilience measure","volume":"2","author":"Testa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychology of Sexual Orientation and Gender Diversity"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020016907","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-016907","article-title":"Disparities in childhood abuse between transgender and cisgender adolescents","volume":"148","author":"Thoma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcr.2022.100482","article-title":"Past experiences and anticipated futures in the lives of transgender and nonbinary people","volume":"53","author":"Thomeer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Life Course Research"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12398","article-title":"Child abuse victimization among transgender and gender nonconforming people: A systematic review","volume":"55","author":"Tobin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspectives in Psychiatric Care"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107705","article-title":"Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and mental health by gender identity in the United States, 2019\u20132021","volume":"175","author":"Tran","year":"2023","journal-title":"Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231221836","article-title":"Factors associated with sexual victimization among transgender emerging adults","volume":"39","author":"Tubman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2019.1591334","article-title":"Gender nonconformity and peer victimization: Sex and sexual attraction differences by age","volume":"57","author":"Collier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wichaidit, W., Assanangkornchai, S., and Chongsuvivatwong, V. (2021). Disparities in behavioral health and experience of violence between cisgender and transgender Thai adolescents. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0252520"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Chang, R., Chen, Y., Xia, D., Xu, C., Yu, X., Chen, H., Wang, R., Liu, Y., Liu, S., Ge, X., Ma, T., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., Ma, S., and Cai, Y. (2023). The prevalence of childhood sexual experiences and intimate partner violence among transgender women in China: Risk factors for lifetime suicidal ideation. Frontiers in Public Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1037622"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2215863","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.15863","article-title":"Youth characteristics associated with sexual violence perpetration among transgender boys and girls, cisgender boys and girls, and nonbinary youth","volume":"5","author":"Ybarra","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Network Open"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/15\/9\/183\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:44:16Z","timestamp":1760035456000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/15\/9\/183"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ejihpe15090183"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe15090183","relation":{},"ISSN":["2254-9625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2254-9625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]}}}