{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:01:36Z","timestamp":1792789296708,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760486400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Center of Excellence for Nursing Scholarship, CECRI, Rome Italy","award":["2.22.8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2.22.8"]}]},{"name":"Center of Excellence for Nursing Scholarship, CECRI, Rome Italy","award":["1.24.3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.24.3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Perfectionism is a multidimensional personality trait encompassing both adaptive and maladaptive aspects that strongly influence students\u2019 psychological health. Spiritual well-being, defined by existential and religious components, has been suggested as a protective factor, yet its relationship with perfectionism remains underexplored in university populations. This study aimed to investigate these associations in a large nationwide sample of Italian undergraduates. Methods: A total of 2103 students from public and private universities across Northern, Central, and Southern Italy participated in an online cross-sectional survey. Validated instruments were used to assess multidimensional perfectionism and spiritual well-being. Results: Self-oriented perfectionism emerged as the most prevalent dimension, followed by other-oriented and socially prescribed perfectionism. Scores for existential well-being were higher than those for religious well-being. Existential well-being was negatively associated with socially prescribed perfectionism, suggesting a buffering role against maladaptive forms of striving. Religious well-being showed only a small positive association with perfectionism. Gender and age differences were also observed, with women and younger students reporting higher levels of perfectionism. Conclusions: Findings highlight existential well-being as a potential protective factor in academic contexts, supporting meaning-centered strategies to mitigate maladaptive perfectionism. Longitudinal and cross-cultural studies are warranted to clarify causal mechanisms and inform culturally sensitive educational and clinical practices.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe15100211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T14:04:02Z","timestamp":1760537042000},"page":"211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Impact of Spiritual Well-Being on Multidimensional Perfectionism in University Students: A Nationwide Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5581-4114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Lo Cascio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5770-0719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Sandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, c\/Quevedo, 2, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8655-0895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"De Benedictis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Nursing Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8680-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Marchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Nursing Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit Nursing in Palliative Care, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Petrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Dsoke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Nursing in Palliative Care, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Pucciarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4659-1569","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosaria","family":"Alvaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, Via Montpellier, 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"De Marinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Nursing Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Research Unit Nursing in Palliative Care, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5998-476X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michela","family":"Piredda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit Nursing Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Campus Bio-Medico di Roma University, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, 00128 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-017-0767-8","article-title":"The roles of anxious rearing, negative affect, and effortful control in a model of risk for child perfectionism","volume":"26","author":"Affrunti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Family Studies"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Garni, A. 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