{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:07:35Z","timestamp":1785420455404,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is widely used, although it has not been validated among early adolescents in Darjeeling, India. The aims of the study were to validate the psychometric properties of the MSPSS, and to test for measurement invariance by gender. Methods. Survey data was collected from 274 early adolescents ages 10\u201314 living in Darjeeling, India. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) evaluated 1-, 2-, and 3-factor models. Reliability (Cronbach\u2019s \u03b1, McDonald\u2019s \u03c9), convergent (peer problems), and concurrent validity (prosocial behavior) were assessed. Measurement invariance by gender was tested using multi-group CFA. Results. The three-factor model of the MSPSS (Family, Friends, Significant Other) fit these data well (X2[49] = 69.3, p = 0.030; CFI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.039; SRMR = 0.036). Measures of reliability, concurrent, and convergent validity were good with MSPSS scores correlated positively with prosocial behavior and negatively with peer problems (|r| = 0.30\u20130.45, p \u2264 0.001). Configural invariance by gender was not supported, indicating differences in item-level loadings. Limitations. The MSPSS is a self-report measure, and social desirability bias is a potential limitation. Conclusion. The MSPSS demonstrates good reliability and validity among early adolescents in Darjeeling, India. Given non-invariance by gender, subscale comparisons across boys and girls should be interpreted with caution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe15120251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]],"date-time":"2025-12-09T14:49:01Z","timestamp":1765291741000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Psychometric Evaluation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Among Early Adolescents in Darjeeling, India"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4227-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Megan","family":"Cherewick","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 3001 E 17th Pl, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Matergia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Broadleaf Health and Education Alliance, Denver, CO 80202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choden","family":"Dukpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Darjeeling Ladenla Road Prerna, Darjeeling 734101, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dikcha","family":"Mukhia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Darjeeling Ladenla Road Prerna, Darjeeling 734101, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rinzi","family":"Lama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of North Bengal, Siliguri 734014, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshan P.","family":"Rai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Darjeeling Ladenla Road Prerna, Darjeeling 734101, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Giri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Darjeeling Ladenla Road Prerna, Darjeeling 734101, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.2010.01204.x","article-title":"Multidimensional scale of perceived social support: Psychometric properties in a South Asian population","volume":"36","author":"Akhtar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5114\/hpr.2019.82629","article-title":"Psychometric characteristics and measurement invariance across genders of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) among Nigerian adolescents","volume":"7","author":"Aloba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Health Psychology Report"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2021.1908375","article-title":"Social support and adolescent mental health and well-being among Jordanian students","volume":"26","author":"Alshammari","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2011.00400.x","article-title":"Social baseline theory: The role of social proximity in emotion and economy of action","volume":"5","author":"Beckes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social and Personality Psychology Compass"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.107.2.238","article-title":"Comparative fit indexes in structural models","volume":"107","author":"Bentler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernaras, E., Jaureguizar, J., and Garaigordobil, M. (2019). Child and adolescent depression: A review of theories, evaluation instruments, prevention programs, and treatments. Frontiers in Psychology, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00543"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010213-115202","article-title":"Is adolescence a sensitive period for sociocultural processing?","volume":"65","author":"Blakemore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.120407","article-title":"Momentary stress and social context among adolescents at risk for suicide: An experience sampling study","volume":"393","author":"Bloom","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7226","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4764-14.2015","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in adolescent risk-taking: A comprehensive study of neural responses to rewards, pubertal development, and risk-taking behavior","volume":"35","author":"Braams","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2007.09.002","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in youth","volume":"49","author":"Bruwer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Buchanan, M. (2014). Participatory development communication and child well-being in Northern Ghana: A journey, Royal Roads University (Canada)."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005109522457","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in urban adolescents","volume":"28","author":"Zimet","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2004.01.006","article-title":"The multidimensional scale of perceived social support: Dimensionality and age and gender differences in adolescents","volume":"37","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherewick, M., Reaven, J., Cruz, C. M., Giri, P., Rai, R. P., Leiferman, J., and Matergia, M. (2024). Neurodiversity, social support, and mental wellbeing: Pathways to resilience among early adolescents, Advances in Neurodevelopmental Disorders.","DOI":"10.1007\/s41252-025-00469-7"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_5","article-title":"Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance","volume":"9","author":"Cheung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(99)00098-7","article-title":"Assessing Chinese adolescents\u2019 social support: The multidimensional scale of perceived social support","volume":"28","author":"Chou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2010.29.6.624","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents","volume":"29","author":"Chu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0000315","article-title":"A longitudinal person-centered perspective on youth social support: Relations with psychological wellbeing","volume":"53","author":"Ciarrochi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Coan, J. A., Maresh, E. L., and Gross, J. (2014). Social baseline theory and the social regulation of emotion. The handbook of emotion regulation, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, S., and McKay, G. (2020). Social support, stress and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. Handbook of psychology and health, Volume IV, Routledge.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003044307-10"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Cohen, S., and Syme, S. (1985). Social support and health, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.98.2.310","article-title":"Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis","volume":"98","author":"Cohen","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"7","article-title":"Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis","volume":"10","author":"Costello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3313","article-title":"Understanding adolescence as a period of social\u2013affective engagement and goal flexibility","volume":"13","author":"Crone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25770","article-title":"Importance of investing in adolescence from a developmental science perspective","volume":"554","author":"Dahl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3093","article-title":"Social influences on neuroplasticity: Stress and interventions to promote well-being","volume":"15","author":"Davidson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1177\/0739986304264374","article-title":"Measuring perceived social support in Mexican American youth: Psychometric properties of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support","volume":"26","author":"Edwards","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Flament, M., Nguyen, H., Furino, C., Schachter, H., MacLean, C., Wasserman, D., Sartorius, N., and Remschmidt, H. (2007). Evidence-based primary prevention programmes for the promotion of mental health in children and adolescents: A systematic worldwide review. The mental health of adolescents. An area of global neglect, E-Book."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.2307\/1130905","article-title":"Age and sex differences in perceptions of networks of personal relationships","volume":"63","author":"Furman","year":"1992","journal-title":"Child development"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/13.1.44","article-title":"Influence of social support on health among gender and socio-economic groups of adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Stewart","year":"2003","journal-title":"The European Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.4236\/ojmp.2013.24022","article-title":"Effects of academic stress and perceived social support on the psychological wellbeing of adolescents in Ghana","volume":"2","author":"Glozah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open Journal of Medical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x","article-title":"The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note","volume":"38","author":"Goodman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Gorkhaland Territorial Administration (2018). Gorkhaland territorial administration profile, Gorkhaland Territorial Administration."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1080\/10510974.2016.1239645","article-title":"Influence of social identity on self-efficacy beliefs through perceived social support: A social identity theory perspective","volume":"67","author":"Guan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Communication Studies"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539513477684","article-title":"Factorial validity and reliability of the Malaysian simplified Chinese version of Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS-SCV) among a group of university students","volume":"27","author":"Guan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.107.1.128","article-title":"Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study","volume":"107","author":"Hankin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19312458.2020.1718629","article-title":"Use omega rather than Cronbach\u2019s alpha for estimating reliability. But\u2026","volume":"14","author":"Hayes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Communication Methods and Measures"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1379(199711)18:6<667::AID-JOB874>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Guidelines, issues, and alternatives","volume":"18","author":"Hurley","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of Organizational Behavior"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3114","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_673_19","article-title":"Health-promoting school in India: Approaches and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Jain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.4103\/ijcm.IJCM_226_18","article-title":"Convergence and outreach for successful implementation of Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram","volume":"43","author":"Kansara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine: Official Publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.593","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796013000504","article-title":"Social support in depression: Structural and functional factors, perceived control and help-seeking","volume":"22","author":"Kleinberg","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-006-0093-8","article-title":"Social support, ethnicity and mental health in adolescents","volume":"41","author":"Klineberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.4236\/psych.2018.98126","article-title":"Applied psychometrics: Sample size and sample power considerations in factor analysis (EFA, CFA) and SEM in general","volume":"9","author":"Kyriazos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lakey, B., and Cohen, S. (2000). Social support theory and measurement. Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780195126709.003.0002"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laksmita, O. D., Chung, M.-H., Liao, Y.-M., and Chang, P.-C. (2020). Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in Indonesian adolescent disaster survivors: A psychometric evaluation. PLoS ONE, 15, (3).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229958"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12235","article-title":"Time with peers from middle childhood to late adolescence: Developmental course and adjustment correlates","volume":"85","author":"Lam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12176","article-title":"Is self-esteem a cause or consequence of social support? A 4-year longitudinal study","volume":"85","author":"Marshall","year":"2014","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matergia, M., Ferrarone, P., Khan, Y., Matergia, D. W., Giri, P., Thapa, S., and Sim\u00f5es, E. A. (2019). Lay field-worker\u2013led school health program for primary schools in low-and middle-income countries. Pediatrics, 143, (4).","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0975"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"McCarthy, K., Brady, M., and Hallman, K. (2016). Investing when it counts: Reviewing the evidence and charting a course of research and action for very young adolescents, Population Council. Available online: https:\/\/knowledgecommons.popcouncil.org\/departments_sbsr-pgy\/568\/."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"182","article-title":"Early intervention in youth mental health: Progress and future directions","volume":"21","author":"McGorry","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Ment Health"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0621","article-title":"Early intervention\u2014An implementation challenge for 21st century mental health care","volume":"75","author":"McGorry","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2014.10.265","article-title":"Role of social support in adolescent suicidal ideation and suicide attempts","volume":"56","author":"Miller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescent Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.6.6.423","article-title":"Contextual evaluation of social adversity in the management of depressive disorder","volume":"6","author":"Morriss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Advances in Psychiatric Treatment"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1348\/0144665042388982","article-title":"The self-report version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: Its psychometric properties in 8-to 13-year-old non-clinical children","volume":"43","author":"Muris","year":"2004","journal-title":"British Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.74338","article-title":"National rural health mission: Turning into reality","volume":"35","author":"Nandan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Community Medicine"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704003915","article-title":"The social re-orientation of adolescence: A neuroscience perspective on the process and its relation to psychopathology","volume":"35","author":"Nelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychological medicine"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Nunnally, J. C., and Bernstein, I. (1978). Psychometric Theory. The role of university in the development of entrepreneurial vocations: A Spanish study, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(20)30186-3","article-title":"The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health","volume":"4","author":"Orben","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"414","article-title":"Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Which one to use first?","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.5958\/0975-6892.2020.00061.1","article-title":"Promoting school herbal gardens: An innovative approach for spreading awareness among students","volume":"12","author":"Pandey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicinal Plants-International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/cdep.12279","article-title":"The development of self and identity in adolescence: Neural evidence and implications for a value-based choice perspective on motivated behavior","volume":"12","author":"Pfeifer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Development Perspectives"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poudel, A., Gurung, B., and Khanal, G. P. (2020). Perceived social support and psychological wellbeing among Nepalese adolescents: The mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychology, 8, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-020-00409-1"},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Rai, R. P. (2017). Small farmers: Locating them in \u201cDarjeeling Tea\u201d. Tea technological initiatives, New Delhi Publishing Agency."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-008-9220-x","article-title":"Adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the multidimensional scale of perceived social support for Arab American adolescents","volume":"43","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"65","article-title":"Measuring perceived social support in Romanian adolescents: Psychometric properties of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support","volume":"24","author":"Robu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Innovation in Psychology, Education and Didactics"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s10902-014-9585-5","article-title":"Subjective well-being in adolescence: The role of self-control, social support, age, gender, and familial crisis","volume":"17","author":"Ronen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Happiness Studies"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.1.68","article-title":"Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being","volume":"55","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/00207590701396641","article-title":"Functional roles of social support within the stress and coping process: A theoretical and empirical overview","volume":"42","author":"Schwarzer","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2009.00194.x","article-title":"Protective effects of self-esteem and family support on suicide risk behaviors among at-risk adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Sharaf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nursing"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2015.12.010","article-title":"The dual systems model: Review, reappraisal, and reaffirmation","volume":"17","author":"Shulman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Steiger, J. H. (, January May). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. The Annual Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City, IA, USA."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2007.08.002","article-title":"A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking","volume":"28","author":"Steinberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Developmental Review"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.5116\/ijme.4dfb.8dfd","article-title":"Making sense of Cronbach\u2019s alpha","volume":"2","author":"Tavakol","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Medical Education"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146510395592","article-title":"Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health","volume":"52","author":"Thoits","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Health and Social Behavior"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0167.34.4.414","article-title":"Uses of factor analysis in counseling psychology research","volume":"34","author":"Tinsley","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Counseling Psychology"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.030","article-title":"Stress and the adolescent brain: Amygdala-prefrontal cortex circuitry and ventral striatum as developmental targets","volume":"70","author":"Tottenham","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291170","article-title":"A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis","volume":"38","author":"Tucker","year":"1973","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.111.4.578","article-title":"Age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and birth cohort difference on the children\u2019s depression inventory: A meta-analysis","volume":"111","author":"Twenge","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van den Berg, H. S., George, A. A., Plessis, E. D. D., Botha, A., Basson, N., De Villiers, M., and Makola, S. (2013). The pivotal role of social support in the well-being of adolescents. Well-being research in South Africa, Springer Science + Business Media.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6368-5_15"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s12187-016-9367-1","article-title":"Psychometric properties of multidimensional scale of perceived social support among Ghanaian adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Child Indicators Research"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5801_17","article-title":"Social support and psychological well-being in young adults: The Multi-Dimensional Support Scale","volume":"58","author":"Winefield","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164413495237","article-title":"Sample size requirements for structural equation models: An evaluation of power, bias, and solution propriety","volume":"73","author":"Wolf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327752jpa5201_2","article-title":"The multidimensional scale of perceived social support","volume":"52","author":"Zimet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/15\/12\/251\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T09:14:25Z","timestamp":1765444465000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/15\/12\/251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["ejihpe15120251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe15120251","relation":{},"ISSN":["2254-9625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2254-9625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,9]]}}}