{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T04:01:25Z","timestamp":1769572885553,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shimane Healthcare Business subsidy from the Shimane Prefectural Government"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low back pain is common and negatively impacts quality of life and workplace productivity. However, few studies have focused on small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) where risk factors are prevalent. This cross-sectional study examined the association and structural relationships between physical and social factors in low back pain among Japanese SME workers. We analyzed survey data collected between April 2021 and August 2022 from 762 SME workers aged 18\u201365 years in Shimane, Japan, to assess acute (less than 3 months) and chronic low back pain using a self-reported questionnaire. Workplace physical (physical load) and social (stress of interpersonal relations) factors were measured using a brief job stress-related questionnaire. Associations between workplace factors and acute and chronic low back pain were evaluated using multivariable, multinomial logistic regression. Among the 762 workers, 50.9% and 7.3% reported acute and chronic low back pain, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) for acute pain was 2.08 for \u2018Very much so\u2019 in those with a high physical load. Compared with those with low interpersonal stress, the OR for chronic pain was 2.20 for medium stress and 2.82 for high stress. Reducing physical workloads may mitigate acute low back pain, while lowering interpersonal stress at work may reduce chronic low back pain. Future studies should investigate whether improving workplace physical and social factors is longitudinally effective.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe16020017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T15:41:56Z","timestamp":1769528516000},"page":"17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Physical and Social Factors Differentiating Acute and Chronic Low Back Pain Among Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprise Workers in Japan: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yurika","family":"Tamekuni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canvas Inc., 1 Hokryou-cho, Matsue City 690-0816, Shimane, Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Social Sciences, Department of Management Studies, Hiroshima University, 1-1-89 Higashi-Senda-machi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima City 730-0053, Hiroshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5540-0325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenta","family":"Okuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Lund University, Jan Waldenstr\u00f6m Gata 35, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 223-9 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Shimane, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Motohiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canvas Inc., 1 Hokryou-cho, Matsue City 690-0816, Shimane, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 223-9 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Shimane, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0220-7940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daijo","family":"Shiratsuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima City 890-8544, Kagoshima, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minoru","family":"Isomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 223-9 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Shimane, Japan"},{"name":"Faculty of Human Sciences, Shimane University, 1060 Kawatsu-cho, Matsue City 690-8504, Shimane, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1372-5508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda","family":"Abrahamsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Lund University, Jan Waldenstr\u00f6m Gata 35, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1969-5119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Lindstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Lund University, Jan Waldenstr\u00f6m Gata 35, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8031-279X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Sundquist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences Malm\u00f6, Sk\u00e5ne University Hospital, Lund University, Jan Waldenstr\u00f6m Gata 35, 20502 Malm\u00f6, Sweden"},{"name":"Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 223-9 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Shimane, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8657-4707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takafumi","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canvas Inc., 1 Hokryou-cho, Matsue City 690-0816, Shimane, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Community-Based Healthcare Research and Education (CoHRE), Head Office for Research and Academic Information, Shimane University, 223-9 Enya-cho, Izumo City 693-8501, Shimane, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2023-0092","article-title":"Association between different types of physical activity and occupational stress in Japanese workers: A cross-sectional study","volume":"62","author":"Abe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Industrial Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ergon.2021.103113","article-title":"Associations between physical or psychosocial risk factors and work-related musculoskeletal disorders in construction workers based on literature in the last 20 years: A systematic review","volume":"83","author":"Anwer","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Industrial 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