{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T01:53:43Z","timestamp":1781747623325,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hong Kong Research Grants Council","award":["15608322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15608322"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adolescent depression and anxiety are prevalent, yet brief and scalable parent\u2013child digital interventions remain understudied. This study evaluated the effects of a digital parent\u2013child single-session growth mindset intervention targeting beliefs about intelligence, failure, and emotion on adolescent internalizing of symptoms. In a three-arm waitlist cluster randomized controlled trial, 390 parent\u2013child dyads from seven secondary schools in Hong Kong were assigned to a parent\u2013child intervention group, a child-only intervention group, or a waitlist control group. Students were assessed at baseline, 2 weeks, and 3 months, and parents at baseline and 3 months. Cluster-adjusted generalized estimating equations were used for intention-to-treat analyses. A significant time-by-group interaction was observed for child-reported depression, whereas the interaction effects for other outcomes were non-significant. However, cluster-adjusted baseline differences across groups limited attribution of changes in depression to intervention effects. Relative to controls, the parent\u2013child intervention descriptively showed short-term improvement in hopelessness and sustained gains in child-reported parent\u2013child relationships over 3 months. Moderation analyses suggested clearer short-term benefits among adolescents with higher baseline symptoms and among girls. Overall, the PC-SMILE intervention in this study did not show statistically significant effect on reducing internalizing symptoms. Improvement on intervention design and implementation would benefit further refinement of brief, scalable parent\u2013child digital interventions. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05493865.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe16060084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:49:42Z","timestamp":1781743782000},"page":"84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of a Digital Parent\u2013Child Single-Session Growth Mindset Intervention on Adolescent Depression and Anxiety Symptoms: A Three-Arm Waitlist Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3428-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shimin","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Mental Health Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxi","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"},{"name":"Yew Chung College of Early Childhood Education, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2075-0320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruobing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Product Design, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury 8041, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5729-6450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3388-6285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul Wai Ching","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Work and Social Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Bauhinia Foundation Research Centre (2024, July 07). 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