{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:02:12Z","timestamp":1785402132879,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir","award":["2025-115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-115"]}]},{"award":["2025-115"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-115"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03d7a9c68","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is highly prevalent during adolescence and is associated with a range of emotional, cognitive, and interpersonal vulnerabilities. Although prior research has identified key correlates such as emotion dysregulation, hopelessness, interpersonal distress, and attachment insecurity, these factors have largely been examined in isolation, limiting understanding of how they jointly contribute to NSSI. Methods: The present study examined the network structure of NSSI and associated vulnerability processes in a community sample of 2067 Spanish adolescents (M age = 14.62, SD = 1.80). A regularized partial correlation network (EBICglasso) was estimated, including NSSI frequency and functions, emotion dysregulation, hopelessness, perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and attachment representations. Centrality and network stability were evaluated using standard indices and bootstrapping procedures. Results: The network revealed a differentiated structure of associations. Perceived burdensomeness and intrapersonal NSSI functions emerged as the most influential nodes, whereas emotion dysregulation occupied a key bridging position connecting attachment-related experiences, interpersonal vulnerability, and NSSI processes. In contrast, NSSI frequency and interpersonal functions showed a more peripheral role. Attachment security was negatively associated with core risk variables, consistent with a protective role within the network. Conclusions: Findings suggest that NSSI in adolescence is embedded within a system of interacting emotional and interpersonal processes, structured around the functional meaning of the behavior and key interpersonal appraisals. Emotion dysregulation emerged as a highly connected node linking multiple domains, while attachment was associated with several key variables within the network. These findings suggest potential targets for early identification and intervention, particularly focusing on emotion regulation, perceived burdensomeness, and intrapersonal functions of NSSI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe16070088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T08:43:57Z","timestamp":1782463437000},"page":"88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping the Network Structure of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury: The Role of Emotional and Interpersonal Vulnerability and Attachment in Spanish Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1210-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"P\u00e9rez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatments, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Gallego-Hern\u00e1ndez de Tejada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluaci\u00f3n e Intervenci\u00f3n Terap\u00e9utica, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0890-9211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Beneyto-Arrojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluaci\u00f3n e Intervenci\u00f3n Terap\u00e9utica, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3710-6658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Sanz-Sendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda B\u00e1sica, Neuropsicolog\u00eda y Social, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46100 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Estudio prospectivo de la desesperanza en pacientes psic\u00f3ticos de inicio: Caracter\u00edsticas psicom\u00e9tricas de la escala de desesperanza de Beck en este grupo","volume":"11","author":"Aguilar","year":"1995","journal-title":"Anales de Psiquiatr\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., and Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation, Lawrence Erlbaum.","DOI":"10.1037\/t28248-000"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2022). Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, American Psychiatric Association Publishing.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425787"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1753-2000-6-11","article-title":"The co-occurrence of non-suicidal self-injury and attempted suicide among adolescents: Distinguishing risk factors and psychosocial correlates","volume":"6","author":"Andover","year":"2012","journal-title":"Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-015-9508-8","article-title":"The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and both perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness","volume":"38","author":"Assavedo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"486","article-title":"Versi\u00f3n reducida del cuestionario CaMir (CaMir-R) para la evaluaci\u00f3n del apego","volume":"23","author":"Balluerka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400087101","article-title":"The architecture of complex weighted networks","volume":"101","author":"Barrat","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the  United States of America"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Beck, A. T., and Steer, R. A. (1988). Manual for the beck hopelessness scale, Psychological Corporation."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037562","article-title":"The measurement of pessimism: The hopelessness scale","volume":"42","author":"Beck","year":"1974","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20375","article-title":"A network theory of mental disorders","volume":"16","author":"Borsboom","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185608","article-title":"Network analysis: An integrative approach to the structure of psychopathology","volume":"9","author":"Borsboom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boschloo, L., van Borkulo, C. D., Rhemtulla, M., Keyes, K. M., Borsboom, D., and Schoevers, R. A. (2015). The network structure of symptoms of the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. PLoS ONE, 10, (9).","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137621"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, volume II: Separation: Anxiety and anger, Basic Books."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-009-9482-0","article-title":"Differences in non-suicidal self-injury and suicide attempts in adolescents","volume":"39","author":"Brausch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Cassidy, J., and Shaver, P. R. (2008). Internal working models in attachment relationships: Elaborating a central construct in attachment theory. Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications, The Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000446","article-title":"What do centrality measures measure in psychological networks?","volume":"128","author":"Bringmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167217746150","article-title":"Influences on care for others: Attachment security, personal suffering, and similarity between helper and care recipient","volume":"44","author":"Cassidy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2023.107277","article-title":"The protective effects of meaning in life on the relationships between attachment anxiety, rumination, and nonsuicidal self-injury: A moderated mediation model","volume":"155","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Children and Youth Services Review"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.07.091","article-title":"The development of Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI) during adolescence: A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis","volume":"339","author":"Pastore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12232","article-title":"Empirically derived subgroups of self-injurious thoughts and behavior: Application of latent class analysis","volume":"46","author":"Dhingra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dierickx, S., Claes, L., Buelens, T., Smits, D., and Kiekens, G. (2023). DSM-5 non-suicidal self-injury disorder in a community sample: Comparing NSSI engagement, recency and severity among emerging adults. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1251514"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-017-0862-1","article-title":"Estimating psychological networks and their accuracy: A tutorial paper","volume":"50","author":"Epskamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-022-02083-7","article-title":"Prevalence of engagement and frequency of non-suicidal self-injury behaviors in adolescence: An investigation of the longitudinal course and the role of temperamental effortful control","volume":"32","author":"Esposito","year":"2023","journal-title":"European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-023-02264-y","article-title":"The prevalence of self-injury in adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Farkas","year":"2024","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2023.2237075","article-title":"Longitudinal associations between nonsuicidal self-injury, depressive symptoms, hopelessness, and emotional dysregulation in adolescents","volume":"28","author":"Calvete","year":"2024","journal-title":"Archives of Suicide Research"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.09.002","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury","volume":"42","author":"Fox","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-016-1319-z","article-title":"Mental disorders as networks of problems: A review of recent insights","volume":"52","author":"Fried","year":"2017","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Gallego-Hern\u00e1ndez de Tejada, B. (2019). Factores de riesgo y de protecci\u00f3n de las autolesiones no suicidas en poblaci\u00f3n adolescente espa\u00f1ola, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2021.152273","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury and attachment trauma in adolescent inpatients with psychiatric disorders","volume":"111","author":"Gander","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comprehensive Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12159","article-title":"The role of attachment style in predicting repetition of adolescent self-harm: A longitudinal study","volume":"45","author":"Glazebrook","year":"2015","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2013.324","article-title":"Factor structure and measurement invariance of the Difficulties Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) in Spanish adolescents","volume":"3","author":"Penelo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","article-title":"Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale 1","volume":"26","author":"Gratz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1037\/1089-2680.2.3.271","article-title":"The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review","volume":"2","author":"Gross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Review of General Psychology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2016.1241219","article-title":"A cognitive-emotional model of NSSI: Using emotion regulation and cognitive processes to explain why people self-injure","volume":"31","author":"Hasking","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, S., Li, C., Zhang, S., Hu, Y., Wen, J., Liu, L., Gao, J., Wu, J., and Huang, G. (2025). The complexity of associations between emotion regulation, interpersonal sensitivity, cognitive insight, and non-suicidal self-injury: A study based on network analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 25, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-025-07231-2"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2020.101888","article-title":"A systematic review of daily life studies on non-suicidal self-injury based on the four-function model","volume":"82","author":"Hepp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"139","article-title":"Adaptaci\u00f3n al Castellano de la escala de dificultades en la regulaci\u00f3n emocional [The Spanish version of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale]","volume":"19","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cl\u00ednica y Salud"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"International Society for the Study of Self-Injury (2025, June 23). About self-injury, Available online: https:\/\/www.itriples.org\/aboutnssi."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Joiner, T. (2005). Why people die by suicide, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-020-01191-y","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury and eating disordered behaviors: An update on what we do and do not know","volume":"22","author":"Kiekens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Current Psychiatry Reports"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2006.08.002","article-title":"The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence","volume":"27","author":"Klonsky","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-008-9107-z","article-title":"Assessing the functions of non-suicidal self-injury: Psychometric properties of the Inventory of Statements About Self-injury (ISAS)","volume":"31","author":"Klonsky","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030278","article-title":"The relationship between nonsuicidal self-injury and attempted suicide: Converging evidence from four samples","volume":"122","author":"Klonsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of abnormal psychology"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"83","article-title":"Gu\u00eda para la aplicaci\u00f3n e interpretaci\u00f3n del cuestionario de apego CaMir-R","volume":"24","author":"Lacasa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista de Psicopatolog\u00eda y Salud Mental del Ni\u00f1o y del Adolescente"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1080\/07481187.2018.1504351","article-title":"Interpersonal theory dimensions facilitate posttraumatic growth among suicide-loss survivors: An attachment perspective","volume":"43","year":"2019","journal-title":"Death Studies"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, K. S., Wong, C. H., McIntyre, R. S., Wang, J., Zhang, Z., Tran, B. X., Tan, W., Ho, C. S., and Ho, R. C. (2019). Global lifetime and 12-month prevalence of suicidal behavior, deliberate self-harm and non-suicidal self-injury in children and adolescents between 1989 and 2018: A meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, (22).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16224581"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.18.3.303","article-title":"Suicide Attempt Self-Injury Interview (SASII): Development, reliability, and validity of a scale to assess suicide attempts and intentional self-injury","volume":"18","author":"Linehan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Brazelton, T. B., and Yogman, M. W. (1986). Discovery of an insecure-disorganized\/disoriented attachment pattern. Affective development in infancy, Ablex Publishing."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marco, J. H., Gallego-Hern\u00e1ndez de Tejada, B., Guill\u00e9n, V., Ba\u00f1os, R. M., and Perez, S. (2021). Meaning in life buffers the association between perceived burdensomeness, thwarted belongingness, and frequency of non-suicidal self-injuries in Spanish adolescents. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10, (21).","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10214867"},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Mikulincer, M., and Shaver, P. (2016). Attachment in adulthood, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muehlenkamp, J. J., and Tillotson, V. (2023). Overview and epidemiology of NSSI in clinical samples. The Oxford handbook of nonsuicidal self-injury, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780197611272.013.8"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nock, M. (2009). Understanding nonsuicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment, and treatment, American Psychological Association.","DOI":"10.1037\/11875-000"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258","article-title":"Self-Injury","volume":"6","author":"Nock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annual Review of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065103","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.71.065103","article-title":"Intensity and coherence of motifs in weighted complex networks","volume":"71","author":"Onnela","year":"2005","journal-title":"Physical Review E"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/ppc.12902","article-title":"The correlation between emotion regulation and attachment styles in undergraduates","volume":"58","author":"Ozeren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Perspectives in Psychiatric Care"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12633","article-title":"Attachment-related representations and suicidal ideations in nonsuicidal self-injury adolescents with and without suicide attempts: A pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Pallini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22844","article-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis of the inventory of statements about self-injury in a Spanish clinical sample","volume":"76","author":"Perez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.7334\/psicothema2020.249","article-title":"Characteristics and unidimensionality of non-suicidal self-injury in a community sample of Spanish adolescents","volume":"33","author":"Perez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psicothema"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perez Rodr\u00edguez, S., Garc\u00eda-Alandete, J., Gallego Hern\u00e1ndez de Tejada, B., Guill\u00e9n, V., and Marco, J. H. (2022). Psychometric properties of the interpersonal needs questionnaire-15 in Spanish adolescents. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.833400"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5093\/anyes2025a04","article-title":"Mediating effect of hopelessness between thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, and non-suicidal self-injury in Spanish adolescents","volume":"31","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ansiedad y Estr\u00e9s"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"161","article-title":"Les mod\u00e8les de relations: D\u00e9veloppement d\u2019un auto-questionnaire d\u2019attachement pour adultes","volume":"1","author":"Pierrehumbert","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychiatrie de L\u2019enfant"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poudel, A., Lamichhane, A., Magar, K. R., and Khanal, G. P. (2022). Non suicidal self injury and suicidal behavior among adolescents: Co-occurrence and associated risk factors. BMC Psychiatry, 22, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-03763-z"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00050-5","article-title":"Optimal number of response categories in rating scales: Reliability, validity, discriminating power, and respondent preferences","volume":"104","author":"Preston","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001804","article-title":"Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors as risk factors for future suicide ideation, attempts, and death: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"46","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/papt.12012","article-title":"Anxious and avoidant attachment styles and indicators of recovery in schizophrenia: Associations with self-esteem and hope","volume":"87","author":"Ringer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000181","article-title":"Identifying highly influential nodes in the complicated grief network","volume":"125","author":"Robinaugh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70003","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.70003","article-title":"A comparative study of nonsuicidal self-injury, hopelessness and meaning in life before and after COVID-19 in adolescents","volume":"31","author":"Marco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy"},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Gross, J. J. (2007). Adult attachment strategies and the regulation of emotion. Handbook of emotion regulation, Guilford Press."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"21","article-title":"How is the relationship between hopelessness and suicidal ideation in adolescents?","volume":"4","author":"Sukma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychology Research on Education and Social Sciences"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/sltb.12070","article-title":"Prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury in nonclinical samples: Systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression","volume":"44","author":"Swannell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12166","article-title":"Multiple mediation modelling exploring relationships between specific aspects of attachment, emotion regulation, and non-suicidal self-injury","volume":"70","author":"Tatnell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.073","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the prevalence of different functions of non-suicidal self-injury","volume":"227","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2377","DOI":"10.1177\/00332941231183336","article-title":"Relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and emotion dysregulation among male and female young adults","volume":"128","author":"Thomas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychological Reports"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tonta, K., Greene, D., Hasking, P., and Boyes, M. (2023). An integrated cognitive-emotional perspective of NSSI. The Oxford handbook of nonsuicidal self-injury, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780197611272.013.35"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718002015","article-title":"Non-suicidal self-injury prevalence, course, and association with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in two large, representative samples of US Army soldiers","volume":"49","author":"Turner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2013.802660","article-title":"How often, or how many ways: Clarifying the relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and suicidality","volume":"17","author":"Turner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Archives of Suicide Research"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018697","article-title":"The interpersonal theory of suicide","volume":"117","author":"Witte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.76.1.72","article-title":"Suicidal desire and the capability for suicide: Tests of the interpersonal-psychological theory of suicidal behavior among adults","volume":"76","author":"Witte","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2014.33.5.428","article-title":"Preliminary evidence that thoughts of thwarted belongingness mediate the relations between level of attachment insecurity and depression and suicide-related thoughts in inpatient adolescents","volume":"33","author":"Venta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2014.03.005","article-title":"Correlates of suicide attempts among self-injurers: A meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Victor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-004-0756-2","article-title":"Feelings of hopelessness in a Spanish university population","volume":"39","author":"Villar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3506","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.3506","article-title":"The school bullying victimization in adolescents with non-suicidal self-injury: The role of coping strategies and emotion regulation","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stress and Health"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1038\/30918","article-title":"Collective dynamics of \u2018small-world\u2019 networks","volume":"393","author":"Watts","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2019.03.004","article-title":"Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"59","author":"Wolff","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2020.1804024","article-title":"The relationship between attachment and self-injurious behaviors in the child and adolescent population: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"26","author":"Woo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Archives of Suicide Research"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, Q., Song, X., Huang, L., Hou, D., and Huang, X. (2022). Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.912441"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2202\/1544-6115.1128","article-title":"A general framework for weighted gene co-expression network analysis","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Statistical Applications in Genetics and Molecular Biology"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/16\/7\/88\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T10:40:45Z","timestamp":1782470445000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/16\/7\/88"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ejihpe16070088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe16070088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2254-9625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2254-9625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]}}}