{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T07:06:22Z","timestamp":1782889582744,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra de Feminismos 4.0 DEPO-UVIGO and by Ayudas para la consolidaci\u00f3n y estructuraci\u00f3n de unidades de investigaci\u00f3n competitivas del Sistema Universitario de Galicia\u2014grupo LVTC","award":["ED431C 2025\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431C 2025\/4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Peer conflict in early adolescence ranges from everyday disagreements to repeated aggression and bullying-related experiences. Bullying should not be reduced to physical violence: it may involve relational exclusion, psychological harassment, or verbal aggression without direct physical harm, whereas isolated aggressive acts do not necessarily constitute bullying. This study evaluated Reformulando, a school-based program that trains communication-based socio-emotional skills through pragmatic reformulation and respectful language. Using a quasi-experimental pretest\u2013posttest design with a non-equivalent control group, we assessed changes in conflict management strategies, peer aggression, and bullying-related experiences among students aged 10\u201313 years. Initial analyses suggested reductions in verbal peer aggression in the experimental group relative to the control group, although these effects were attenuated in age-adjusted and classroom-clustered sensitivity analyses. Collaborative conflict management increased over time, although this change did not differ significantly between groups. Bullying-related experiences decreased during the study period, but these reductions were not specific to the experimental group. This pattern emerged in the primary analyses but was attenuated in age-adjusted and cluster-adjusted sensitivity analyses. Findings suggest the potential value of brief communication-based training for addressing verbal peer conflict, while highlighting the need for cautious interpretation due to baseline group differences, grade-level imbalance, classroom clustering, and the quasi-experimental design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe16070093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T03:06:34Z","timestamp":1782875194000},"page":"93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Learning to Reformulate Peer Conflict: Effects of a Language-Based Educational Program on Conflict Management, Peer Interaction, and Bullying-Related Experiences in Early Adolescence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7430-7548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katia","family":"Rol\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Linguaxe e Cognici\u00f3n, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Lingua, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo Language Variation and Textual Categorisation (LVTC), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra UNESCO Educaci\u00f3n Transformadora: Ciencia, Comunicaci\u00f3n y Sociedad, Universidade de Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7652-0948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Fari\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"C\u00e1tedra UNESCO Educaci\u00f3n Transformadora: Ciencia, Comunicaci\u00f3n y Sociedad, Universidade de Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7656-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Cuevas-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Linguaxe e Cognici\u00f3n, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Lingua, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo Language Variation and Textual Categorisation (LVTC), Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra UNESCO Educaci\u00f3n Transformadora: Ciencia, Comunicaci\u00f3n y Sociedad, Universidade de Vigo, 36005 Pontevedra, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"87","article-title":"An\u00e1lisis ling\u00fc\u00edstico-discursivo de respuestas a situaciones de conflicto en Educaci\u00f3n Primaria","volume":"2","author":"Alonso","year":"2017","journal-title":"Revista de Estudios e Investigaci\u00f3n en Psicolog\u00eda y Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.70478\/rips.2014.05.05","article-title":"Elaboraci\u00f3n y validaci\u00f3n de una escala para la evaluaci\u00f3n del acoso escolar","volume":"5","author":"Arce","year":"2014","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Psicolog\u00eda y Salud"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"The problem of school bullies: What the research tells us","volume":"43","author":"Beaty","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.36368\/njedh.v5i2.121","article-title":"Understanding pupil violence: Bullying theory as technoscience in Sweden and Norway","volume":"5","author":"Boge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of Educational History"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020149","article-title":"Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic investigation","volume":"25","author":"Cook","year":"2010","journal-title":"School Psychology Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.2307\/1131875","article-title":"Social information-processing mechanisms in reactive and proactive aggression","volume":"67","author":"Crick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Cuevas-Alonso, M., Vila, C., Acu\u00f1a, A., Fari\u00f1a, F., Alonso, A., Rodr\u00edguez, R., and V\u00e1zquez-Figueiredo, M. 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