{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T09:31:41Z","timestamp":1786527101935,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ.","EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Tattooed teachers are increasingly visible in schools, yet the norms governing their professional acceptability remain poorly understood. This study tests whether pluralistic ignorance\u2014private acceptance systematically exceeding the acceptance attributed to others\u2014operates in attitudes toward tattooed teachers, and identifies individual-level predictors of this misperception. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted with 1226 individuals in Hungary across four groups: physical education (PE) teacher trainees, university students from other disciplines, secondary school students, and in-service teachers. Participants rated their own acceptance of tattooed PE and academic-subject teachers and the acceptance they attributed to other teachers and to parents, and reported tattoo status, gender, and professional background. Results: Own acceptance exceeded attributed acceptance in all four groups and for both reference targets, consistent with pluralistic ignorance; gaps were largest among secondary school students and smallest\u2014though still positive\u2014among in-service teachers. Personal tattoo experience was the strongest individual predictor of acceptance after group membership, and among teachers both age and experience were negatively associated with acceptance. Acceptance was predominantly conditional, structured by a visibility hierarchy in which arm placements were most acceptable and facial or neck placements least so. Conclusions: The apparent disapproval of tattooed teachers reflects collective misperception more than genuine consensus, suggesting that making actual peer attitudes visible could reduce conformity pressure and support more authentic professional self-expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe16080115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T13:46:16Z","timestamp":1786455976000},"page":"115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Illusion of Disapproval: Pluralistic Ignorance and Attitudes Toward Tattooed Teachers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6986-5509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1niel","family":"Kormos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science Coordination, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3108-6188","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attila","family":"Lengyel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Coordination and Research Centre for Social Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9164-8050","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anetta","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Economics and Management, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0733-6637","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9va","family":"B\u00e1csn\u00e9 B\u00e1ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Economics and Management, Faculty of Economic Sciences, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3861-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonia","family":"Kinczel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports Economics and Management, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Doctoral School of Management and Business, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4717-2451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda","family":"B\u00edr\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Science Coordination, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1108\/CDI-09-2020-0239","article-title":"Stigma hurts: Exploring employer and employee perceptions of tattoos and body piercings in Nigeria","volume":"26","author":"Adisa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Career Development International"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Allport, G. 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