{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:22:12Z","timestamp":1787566932065,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ.","EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Classroom social climate has become a factor of increasing interest within the educational field due to its potential influence on students\u2019 well-being and adjustment. The present study focused on analysing the relationship between the different dimensions of classroom social climate and school resilience in a sample of 609 Spanish secondary education students aged between 11 and 17 years. The Classroom Social Climate Scale (CSC) and the School Resilience Scale (SRS) were used as data collection instruments. The data were analysed using correlations and linear regressions to examine associations while retaining the continuous nature of the resilience scores, complemented by multinomial logistic regressions to examine the probability of belonging to relatively low, medium, or high resilience resource groups. The results showed positive and significant associations between the dimensions Relationship, Interest and Communication with Teachers (RIC) and Group Cohesion and Satisfaction (GCS), and both the Internal Resources and External Resources dimensions of resilience. Linear regression models explained 17.2% and 18.0% of the variance in Internal and External Resources, respectively, whereas multinomial logistic regression models yielded Nagelkerke R2 values of 0.160 and 0.190. Furthermore, the GCS dimension appeared to show a stronger predictive contribution to the different dimensions of resilience, particularly for External Resources. The findings suggest that positive peer relationships and group cohesion constitute relevant contextual factors for the development of resilience during adolescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe16090122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T08:03:41Z","timestamp":1787558621000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Classroom Social Climate and Resilience in Secondary Education Students"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4599-3160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Mar\u00eda","family":"Carroza-Pacheco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Asociado UNED M\u00e9rida, National University of Distance Education, 06800 M\u00e9rida, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0061-9498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benito","family":"Le\u00f3n-del-Barco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7956-2337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Bringas-Molleda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Anthropology, University of Extremadura, 10003 C\u00e1ceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1080\/15388220.2018.1453820","article-title":"Understanding the relationship between perceived school climate and bullying: A mediator analysis","volume":"18","author":"Acosta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of School Violence"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.12973\/ijem.5.4.525","article-title":"The relationship between resilience and distress tolerance in college students: The mediator role of cognitive flexibility and difficulties in emotion regulation","volume":"5","author":"Cekici","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Methodology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.19053\/22160159.v10.n25.2019.9894","article-title":"Formaci\u00f3n emocional del profesorado y gesti\u00f3n del clima de su aula","volume":"10","author":"Barrientos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Praxis & Saber"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654316669821","article-title":"A research synthesis of the associations between socioeconomic background, inequality, school climate, and academic achievement","volume":"87","author":"Berkowitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroza-Pacheco, A. M., Bringas-Molleda, C., and Le\u00f3n-del-Barco, B. (2025a). Parenting styles and key aspects of resilience in secondary education students. Adolescents, 5, (4).","DOI":"10.3390\/adolescents5040075"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carroza-Pacheco, A. M., Le\u00f3n-del-Barco, B., and Bringas-Molleda, C. (2025b). Academic performance and resilience in secondary education students. Journal of Intelligence, 13, (5).","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence13050056"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.15381\/rinvp.v25i1.22015","article-title":"Factores de los estilos de crianza parental como mediadores en la relaci\u00f3n entre la resiliencia y calidad de vida en universitarios","volume":"25","year":"2022","journal-title":"Revista de Investigaci\u00f3n en Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Cyrulnik, B. (2020). El Encantamiento del mundo, Gedisa."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12863","article-title":"School climate as an intervention to reduce academic failure and educate the whole child: A longitudinal study","volume":"90","author":"Daily","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of School Health"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"11","article-title":"El clima social en el aula y en el centro educativo: Visi\u00f3n del alumnado","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revista de Intervenci\u00f3n Psicosocioeducativa en la Desadaptaci\u00f3n Social"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.33881\/2027-1786.rip.15112","article-title":"Una mirada al bienestar escolar: \u00bfqu\u00e9 opinan sus protagonistas?","volume":"15","author":"Mendiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Revista Iberoamericana de Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/15582159.2018.1526615","article-title":"Promoting a culture of bullying: Understanding the role of school climate and school sector","volume":"13","author":"Farina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of School Choice"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fenwick-Smith, A., Dahlberg, E. E., and Thompson, S. C. (2018). Systematic review of resilience-enhancing, universal, primary school-based mental health promotion programs. BMC Psychology, 6, (1).","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-018-0242-3"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Esp\u00ednola, C., Abad-Robles, M. T., Collado-Mateo, D., Almagro, B. J., Castillo-Viera, E., and Gim\u00e9nez Fuentes-Guerra, F. J. (2020). Effects of cooperative-learning interventions on physical education students\u2019 intrinsic motivation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, (12).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124451"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fierro-Suero, S., Almagro, B. J., and S\u00e1enz-L\u00f3pez, P. (2020). Validation of the achievement emotions questionnaire for physical education (AEQ-PE). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, (12).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124560"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.47197\/retos.v42i0.87305","article-title":"La influencia del clima de aula sobre las emociones del alumnado [The influence of the classroom climate on the student\u2019s emotions]","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"Retos"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.21703\/0718-5162.v22.n48.2023.001","article-title":"Clima escolar y acci\u00f3n docente para intervenir en eventos de violencia escolar, resultados del programa nacional de convivencia escolar en el Noroeste de M\u00e9xico","volume":"22","author":"Flores","year":"2023","journal-title":"Revista de Estudios y Experiencias en Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20200506-02","article-title":"Resilience and emotional support in health care professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"58","author":"Frias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"48","article-title":"Resiliencia y estilos parentales en adolescentes que practican arte en un liceo municipal de Talca","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Integraci\u00f3n Acad\u00e9mica en Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1080\/1369183X.2021.1935657","article-title":"The academic resilience of native and immigrant-origin students in selected European countries","volume":"48","author":"Gabrielli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"1","article-title":"La resiliencia del adolescente y su relaci\u00f3n con variables familiares y escolares","volume":"11","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dilemas Contempor\u00e1neos: Educaci\u00f3n, Pol\u00edtica y Valores"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13192","DOI":"10.37811\/cl_rcm.v9i1.16955","article-title":"Clima escolar, resiliencia y salud mental: Estrategias para un entorno educativo protector","volume":"9","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ciencia Latina Revista Cient\u00edfica Multidisciplinar"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/josh.12501","article-title":"Relationships among student, staff, and administrative measures of school climate and student health and academic outcomes","volume":"87","author":"Gase","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of School Health"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.21503\/cyd.v21i2.1634","article-title":"Relaci\u00f3n entre el clima social, familiar y escolar y el rendimiento acad\u00e9mico de los estudiantes del 5\u00b0 de secundaria del colegio Luis Alberto S\u00e1nchez del distrito Gregorio Albarrac\u00edn de Tacna, a\u00f1o 2016","volume":"21","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ciencia y Desarrollo"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"271","article-title":"Relaci\u00f3n del efecto del S\u00edndrome de Burnout y resiliencia con factores impl\u00edcitos en la profesi\u00f3n docente. Una revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"394","year":"2021","journal-title":"Revista de Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"168","article-title":"Clima escolar y trabajo colegiado en una modalidad virtual en una instituci\u00f3n educativa p\u00fablica","volume":"21","year":"2022","journal-title":"Revista de Estudios y Experiencias en Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01833","article-title":"School climate, cortical structure, and socioemotional functioning: Associations across family income levels","volume":"34","author":"Hackman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/1521025118810666","article-title":"Resilience, academic self-concept, and college adjustment among first-year students","volume":"23","author":"Haktanir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"H\u00e4rk\u00f6nen, U. (2007). The Bronfenbrenner ecological systems theory of human development, Oxford University Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.7821\/naer.2016.1.136","article-title":"Empathy in future teachers of the Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia","volume":"5","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Approaches in Educational Research"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shapiro, H. (2018). School climate and bullying prevention programs. The wiley handbook on violence in education, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118966709"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/02673843.2019.1660998","article-title":"The teacher-student relationship and adolescents\u2019 sense of school belonging","volume":"25","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"International Journal of Adolescence and Youth"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Kotliarenco, M. A. (2021). Resiliencia y su importancia en la educaci\u00f3n del grupo familiar, fundamentalmente la madre, y en el crecimiento y desarrollo de los ni\u00f1os y ni\u00f1as, CEANIM."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Student-report measures of school climate: A dimensional review","volume":"12","author":"Mason","year":"2020","journal-title":"School Mental Health"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"73","article-title":"Clima social familiar y resiliencia en estudiantes de 3\u00ba, 4\u00ba y 5\u00ba a\u00f1o de secundaria","volume":"9","author":"Lozano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Apuntes Universitarios"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"5","article-title":"Clima escolar y desempe\u00f1o docente: Un caso de \u00e9xito. Aproximaciones a escuelas p\u00fablicas de la provincia de Carchi-Ecuador","volume":"39","author":"Efstathios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Revista Espacios"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.38123\/rre.v3i2.300","article-title":"La influencia del clima escolar en el aprendizaje: Revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica","volume":"3","year":"2023","journal-title":"Revista Realidad Educativa"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2016.1163403","article-title":"Character strengths predict resilience over and above positive affect, self-efficacy, optimism, social support, self-esteem, and life satisfaction","volume":"12","author":"Ruch","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Positive Psychology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.35622\/j.rg.2022.02.001","article-title":"El clima escolar desde la gesti\u00f3n directiva en Latinoam\u00e9rica: Una revisi\u00f3n de la producci\u00f3n acad\u00e9mica","volume":"2","author":"Misad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gestionar: Revista de Empresa y Gobierno"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.17081\/just.25.38.4422","article-title":"Convivencia escolar en Colombia: Una visi\u00f3n jurisprudencial, legal y doctrinal","volume":"25","year":"2020","journal-title":"Justicia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2017.11.012","article-title":"The relationship of climate, teacher defending and friends on students\u2019 perceptions of bullying in high school","volume":"62","author":"Mucherad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.17981\/cultedusoc.9.3.2018.29","article-title":"Importancia de la motivaci\u00f3n socio-afectiva de maestros a estudiantes durante la pr\u00e1ctica pedag\u00f3gica en las diferentes \u00e1reas del saber","volume":"9","author":"Navarro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cultura, Educaci\u00f3n y Sociedad"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2019.03.002","article-title":"Social emotional learning (SEL) practices in schools: Effects on perceptions of bullying victimization","volume":"73","author":"Nickerson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.46661\/ijeri.5484","article-title":"Personal resilience and its influence on COVID-19 stress, anxiety and fear among graduate students in the Philippines","volume":"15","author":"Oducado","year":"2021","journal-title":"IJERI: International Journal of Educational Research and Innovation"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"69","article-title":"Construir resiliencia en las escuelas desde la acci\u00f3n de liderazgo","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"DEDiCA. Revista de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o e Humanidades"},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"571","article-title":"Clima de convivencia escolar en Chile: Un an\u00e1lisis desde el nuevo marco de medici\u00f3n de calidad educativa","volume":"43","author":"Padilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"221","article-title":"Dise\u00f1o y an\u00e1lisis de una escala para la valoraci\u00f3n de la variable clima social aula en alumnos de educaci\u00f3n primaria y secundaria","volume":"350","author":"Ramos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Revista de Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1174\/113564010804932184","article-title":"Clima social aula: Percepci\u00f3n diferenciada de los alumnos de educaci\u00f3n secundaria obligatoria","volume":"22","author":"Ramos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cultura y Educaci\u00f3n"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.37811\/cl_rcm.v8i2.10762","article-title":"El efecto adverso del ambiente escolar en la salud emocional de los alumnos de educaci\u00f3n b\u00e1sica","volume":"8","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ciencia Latina: Revista Multidisciplinar"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sumpsi.2016.02.002","article-title":"Bienestar subjetivo en la adolescencia: El papel de la resiliencia, el autoconcepto y el apoyo social percibido","volume":"23","author":"Ros","year":"2016","journal-title":"Suma Psicol\u00f3gica"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"231","article-title":"El clima social en centros educativos: Percepci\u00f3n del profesorado de educaci\u00f3n secundaria obligatoria de la comunidad de Madrid","volume":"37","year":"2019","journal-title":"Revista de Investigaci\u00f3n Educativa"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe11030055","article-title":"Between academic resilience and burnout: The moderating role of satisfaction on school context relationships","volume":"11","author":"Romano","year":"2021","journal-title":"European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"131","article-title":"Analysis of the extend to which resilience has been embedded into Mexico City planning","volume":"23","year":"2023","journal-title":"Econom\u00eda, Sociedad y Territorio"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Saavedra, E., and Castro, A. (2009). Escala de resiliencia escolar (E.R.E.) para ni\u00f1os entre 9 y 14 a\u00f1os, CEANIM."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1376.010","article-title":"Psychosocial constraints on the development of resilience","volume":"1094","author":"Sameroff","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enfcle.2018.06.004","article-title":"Influence of resilience on health-related quality of life in adolescents","volume":"28","year":"2018","journal-title":"Enfermer\u00eda Cl\u00ednica (English Edition)"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.26719\/2018.24.6.598","article-title":"Strengthening community support, resilience programmes and interventions in infectious diseases of poverty","volume":"24","author":"Tambo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"00005","article-title":"Clima escolar, estilos de enfrentamiento del personal de apoyo y percepci\u00f3n estudiantil de violencia escolar","volume":"13","author":"Vera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Di\u00e1logos Sobre Educaci\u00f3n. Temas Actuales en Investigaci\u00f3n Educativa"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Resiliencia explicada por la victimizaci\u00f3n y el clima escolar en estudiantes de instituciones educativas","volume":"5","year":"2025","journal-title":"Revista InveCom"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Waugh, C. E., and Sali, A. W. (2023). Resilience as the ability to maintain well-being: An allostatic active inference model. Journal of Intelligence, 11, (8).","DOI":"10.3390\/jintelligence11080158"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/16\/9\/122\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T08:37:09Z","timestamp":1787560629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/16\/9\/122"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ejihpe16090122"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe16090122","relation":{},"ISSN":["2254-9625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2254-9625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]}}}