{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:05:54Z","timestamp":1789103154460,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Eur. J. Investig. Health Psychol. Educ.","EJIHPE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Body functionality is a promising target for the promotion of positive body image. However, research on body functionality in French-language contexts is currently limited due to the lack of validated assessment tools. This study aims to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the French versions of the Functionality Satisfaction Scale (FSS) and the Functionality Intent Scale (FIS). Exploratory factor analyses were conducted in a sample of 528 French adults (study 1), revealing a two-factor structure for both the FSS and FIS. Participants also completed validated measures of positive body image (functionality appreciation, body appreciation, and body esteem). A subsample (n = 150) completed the FSS and FIS again, three weeks later. Results supported convergent and divergent validity, good internal consistency, and satisfactory test\u2013retest reliability. A second sample of 272 French adults was recruited for confirmatory factor analyses (study 2). Results confirmed the eight-item, two-factor solution for the FSS. However, support was found for a unidimensional structure of the FIS, which was ultimately retained as a four-item, one-factor scale. Measurement invariance analyses supported gender and age invariance up to the scalar level, but not at the strict level, for the FSS. The FIS also showed configural, metric, and scalar invariance across gender, whereas the scale was invariant across age only up to the metric level. This study provides support for the FSS as a useful tool for research focused on body functionality in French populations. Although the FIS demonstrated promising psychometric properties, it still requires further independent cross-validation to confirm its unidimensional structure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ejihpe16090137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:02:48Z","timestamp":1788962568000},"page":"137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Translation and Validation of the Functionality Satisfaction and the Functionality Intent Scales in a French Sample"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3952-5906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ULR 4072\u2014PSITEC\u2014Psychologie: Interactions Temps \u00c9motions Cognition, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2038-9546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alain","family":"Guerrien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ULR 4072\u2014PSITEC\u2014Psychologie: Interactions Temps \u00c9motions Cognition, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7322-7423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Arnaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ULR 4072\u2014PSITEC\u2014Psychologie: Interactions Temps \u00c9motions Cognition, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel F.","family":"Rodgers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Unit\u00e9 de Recherche Clinique & Innovation, H\u00f4pital du Cotentin, 50100 Cherbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Rousseau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ULR 4072\u2014PSITEC\u2014Psychologie: Interactions Temps \u00c9motions Cognition, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Centre d\u2019\u00c9tudes et Recherches en Psychopathologie et Psychologie de la Sant\u00e9 (CERPPS), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, UT2J, 31058 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2023.101624","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a Dutch translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) among adults in the Netherlands","volume":"47","author":"Alleva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2018.02.009","article-title":"A randomised-controlled trial investigating potential underlying mechanisms of a functionality-based approach to improving women\u2019s body image","volume":"25","author":"Alleva","year":"2018a","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000317","article-title":"More than my RA: A randomized trial investigating body image improvement among women with rheumatoid arthritis using a functionality-focused intervention program","volume":"86","author":"Alleva","year":"2018b","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684313507897","article-title":"Body language: Affecting body satisfaction by describing the body in functionality terms","volume":"38","author":"Alleva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.07.001","article-title":"Expand your horizon: A programme that improves body image and reduces self-objectification by training women to focus on body functionality","volume":"15","author":"Alleva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.11.006","article-title":"Body functionality: A review of the literature","volume":"36","author":"Alleva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.07.008","article-title":"The Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS): Development and psychometric evaluation in U.S. community women and men","volume":"23","author":"Alleva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2020.06.003","article-title":"The effects of yoga on functionality appreciation and additional facets of positive body image","volume":"34","author":"Alleva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambuehl, B., and Inauen, J. (2022). Contextualized measurement scale adaptation: A 4-step tutorial for health psychology research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, (19).","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912775"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2024.101835","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a French translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale in French adults (FAS)","volume":"52","author":"Arnaud","year":"2025","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8317.1950.tb00285.x","article-title":"Tests of significance in factor analysis","volume":"3","author":"Bartlett","year":"1950","journal-title":"The British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2024.101841","article-title":"The association between social comparison in social media, body image concerns and eating disorder symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"52","author":"Bonfanti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-024-00256-w","article-title":"The effectiveness of body image flexibility interventions in youth: A systematic review with meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Brichacek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adolescent Research Review"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research, The Guilford Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.3917\/spub.194.0507","article-title":"La promotion d\u2019une image corporelle positive chez les jeunes","volume":"31","author":"Carrard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sant\u00e9 Publique"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.04.007","article-title":"Psychometric properties of an Italian translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS)","volume":"38","author":"Cerea","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834","article-title":"Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428111421987","article-title":"A direct comparison approach for testing measurement invariance","volume":"15","author":"Cheung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.3.309","article-title":"Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development","volume":"7","author":"Clark","year":"1995","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"7","article-title":"Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis","volume":"10","author":"Costello","year":"2005","journal-title":"Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/bjop.12046","article-title":"From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation","volume":"105","author":"Dunn","year":"2014","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijnurstu.2013.10.005","article-title":"On exploratory factor analysis: A review of recent evidence, an assessment of current practice, and recommendations for future use","volume":"51","author":"Gaskin","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Nursing Studies"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gendelman, L., Peleg, O., and Hadar, E. (2026). From family patterns to eating disorder risk: The role of social media, appearance ideals, and body image among emerging and young adults. Nutrients, 18, (10).","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18101497"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24444","article-title":"Expand your horizon: Testing a brief writing intervention focused on body functionality among adolescent girls with an eating disorder","volume":"58","author":"Glashouwer","year":"2025","journal-title":"The International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2023.101648","article-title":"Enhancing body image in motherhood: A randomised controlled trial of expand your horizon among mothers of young children","volume":"47","author":"Granfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.04.002","article-title":"The effectiveness of interventions aiming to promote positive body image in adults: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Guest","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2349004","DOI":"10.1080\/21642850.2024.2349004","article-title":"More than my appearance: A pilot evaluation of the expand your horizon online functionality-based writing programme for adults with visible differences","volume":"12","author":"Guest","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"15","article-title":"A network analysis of risk and protective factors for body image in young adult women","volume":"31","author":"Hallez","year":"2026","journal-title":"Eating and Weight Disorders\u2014Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.03.003","article-title":"Future directions for positive body image research","volume":"14","author":"Halliwell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428104263675","article-title":"Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis","volume":"7","author":"Hayton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Organizational Research Methods"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-023-00826-8","article-title":"The Chinese version of the functionality appreciation scale: Psychometric properties and measurement invariance across gender and age","volume":"11","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164405282485","article-title":"Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some content on improved practice","volume":"66","author":"Henson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Educational and Psychological Measurement"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2023.101642","article-title":"An experimental investigation of whether body-positive messaging on fitspiration and diverse images can improve state body image in women","volume":"47","author":"Hepburn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02289447","article-title":"A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis","volume":"32","author":"Horn","year":"1965","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2015.1087664","article-title":"A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: What we are doing and how can we improve?","volume":"32","author":"Howard","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","article-title":"Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structural Equation Modeling"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2025.101943","article-title":"Seeing both sides: Examining profiles of negative and positive body image among Italian adolescents using a person-centered approach","volume":"54","author":"Iannattone","year":"2025","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02291575","article-title":"An index of factorial simplicity","volume":"39","author":"Kaiser","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.02.005","article-title":"An examination of the factor structure and sex invariance of a French translation of the body appreciation scale-2 in university students","volume":"21","author":"Kertechian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012","article-title":"A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research","volume":"15","author":"Koo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Chiropractic Medicine"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.07.003","article-title":"Body appreciation and its psychological correlates: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Linardon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.24585","article-title":"Positive body image in eating disorders: Expanding the theoretical and clinical landscape","volume":"59","author":"Linardon","year":"2026","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2023.02.002","article-title":"Functionality appreciation and its correlates: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Linardon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2025.101996","article-title":"Measuring state functionality appreciation: A psychometric evaluation of an adapted version of the functionality appreciation scale (S-FAS)","volume":"55","author":"Longhurst","year":"2025","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Love, J. (2026, July 24). Rj Editor\u2014Analyse your data with R in jamovi, Available online: https:\/\/blog.jamovi.org\/2018\/07\/30\/rj.html."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102044","article-title":"The functionality appreciation scale: An examination of its psychometric properties in a French-Canadian adult sample","volume":"56","author":"Swami","year":"2026","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/57.3.519","article-title":"Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications","volume":"57","author":"Mardia","year":"1970","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102133","article-title":"An item response theory examination of the functionality appreciation scale","volume":"58","author":"Marmara","year":"2026","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2024.101787","article-title":"Measurement invariance and differential item functioning of the functionality appreciation scale (FAS) in Colombia and Spain","volume":"51","author":"Mebarak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327752JPA7601_6","article-title":"Body-esteem scale for adolescents and adults","volume":"76","author":"Mendelson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Journal of Personality Assessment"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.4103\/aca.ACA_157_18","article-title":"Descriptive statistics and normality tests for statistical data","volume":"22","author":"Mishra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annals of Cardiac Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2024.101782","article-title":"A comparison of functionality, rumination, and distraction tasks on women\u2019s state body image and mood after idealised media exposure","volume":"51","author":"Mulgrew","year":"2024","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.08.008","article-title":"Women\u2019s response to, awareness of, and interest in body functionality content on Instagram","volume":"43","author":"Mulgrew","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.08.012","article-title":"Effectiveness of a multi-session positive self, appearance, and functionality program on women\u2019s body satisfaction and response to media","volume":"31","author":"Mulgrew","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.09.002","article-title":"Positive appearance and functionality reflections can improve body satisfaction but do not protect against idealised media exposure","volume":"23","author":"Mulgrew","year":"2017","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105316655471","article-title":"Form or function: Does focusing on body functionality protect women from body dissatisfaction when viewing media images?","volume":"23","author":"Mulgrew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Health Psychology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.15345\/iojes.2019.04.010","article-title":"Comparision of different estimation methods used in confirmatory factor analyses in non-normal data: A Monte Carlo study","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Online Journal of Educational Sciences"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0000000000001287","article-title":"The role of family-wise error rate in determining statistical significance","volume":"35","author":"Nicholson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clinical Spine Surgery"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","article-title":"Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research","volume":"41","author":"Putnick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Developmental Review: DR"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102056","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2026.102056","article-title":"Functionality appreciation among adolescents and emerging adults with eating disorders: Associations with body appreciation, self-esteem, and eating disorder symptoms","volume":"56","author":"Ramesh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/1523422314559804","article-title":"Exploratory factor analysis: Implications for theory, research, and practice","volume":"17","author":"Reio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Advances in Developing Human Resources"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2025.101853","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a German translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS) among adults in Germany","volume":"52","author":"Riechers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1017\/gmh.2023.2","article-title":"Body image as a global mental health concern","volume":"10","author":"Rodgers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Mental Health (Cambridge, England)"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","article-title":"lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling","volume":"48","author":"Rosseel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erap.2015.06.001","article-title":"\u00c9tude de validation de la version fran\u00e7aise de l\u2019\u00c9chelle d\u2019Estime corporelle (body esteem scale) chez les adolescentes et les jeunes adultes","volume":"65","author":"Rousseau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Revue Europ\u00e9enne de Psychologie Appliqu\u00e9e"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"561","article-title":"Fit indices in structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis: Reporting guidelines","volume":"24","author":"Sathyanarayana","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Economics, Business and Accounting"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02296192","article-title":"A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis","volume":"66","author":"Satorra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22936","article-title":"The relative importance of dissatisfaction, overvaluation and preoccupation with weight and shape for predicting onset of disordered eating behaviors and depressive symptoms over 15 years","volume":"51","author":"Sharpe","year":"2018","journal-title":"The International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23976","article-title":"Project body neutrality: Piloting a digital single-session intervention for adolescent body image and depression","volume":"56","author":"Smith","year":"2023","journal-title":"International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2018.08.014","article-title":"Translation and validation of body image instruments: Challenges, good practice guidelines, and reporting recommendations for test adaptation","volume":"31","author":"Swami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.06.001","article-title":"Translation and validation of a Bahasa Malaysia (Malay) version of the functionality appreciation scale","volume":"30","author":"Swami","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.03.002","article-title":"Translation and validation of body image instruments: An addendum to Swami and Barron (2019) in the form of frequently asked questions","volume":"37","author":"Swami","year":"2021a","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.02.010","article-title":"Psychometric properties of a Romanian translation of the Functionality Appreciation Scale (FAS)","volume":"37","author":"Swami","year":"2021b","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., and Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics, Pearson. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Tabachnick, B. G., and Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics, Pearson. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"The Jamovi Project (2025, October 07). Jamovi (Version 2.5.6) [Computer software], Available online: https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2022.06.001","article-title":"Is a female physical empowerment campaign effective in improving positive body image, motivation for physical activity, and physical activity behavior in young female adults? A two-study experimental test of \u201cThis Girl Can\u201d","volume":"42","author":"Litster","year":"2022","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2014.09.006","article-title":"The body appreciation scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation","volume":"12","author":"Tylka","year":"2015a","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2015.04.001","article-title":"What is and what is not positive body image? Conceptual foundations and construct definition","volume":"14","author":"Tylka","year":"2015b","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.11648\/j.pbs.20221101.15","article-title":"Effectiveness of an internet-based, functionality focused program for improving positive body image","volume":"11","author":"Urvelyte","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychology and Behavioral Sciences"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2018.05.005","article-title":"The multidimensional self-objectification process from adolescence to emerging adulthood","volume":"26","author":"Vangeel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-024-02058-8","article-title":"Longitudinal associations among identity, internalization of appearance ideals, body image, and eating disorder symptoms in community adolescents and emerging adults: Adaptive and maladaptive pathways","volume":"54","author":"Vankerckhoven","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Youth and Adolescence"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.05.007","article-title":"\u201cIt\u2019s very valuable to me that I appear capable\u201d: A qualitative study exploring relationships between body functionality and appearance among women with visible physical disabilities","volume":"30","author":"Webb","year":"2019","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.02.008","article-title":"The effectiveness of positive appearance and functionality reflective writing tasks on state body image and response to idealised media exposure among 35\u201360 year-old women","volume":"37","author":"Weaver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/eat.70006","article-title":"Expand your horizon: A qualitative analysis of how adolescent girls with an eating disorder describe their body functionality","volume":"59","author":"Weiland","year":"2026","journal-title":"The International Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2017.12.008","article-title":"The effect of functionality-focused and appearance-focused images of models of mixed body sizes on women\u2019s state-oriented body appreciation","volume":"24","author":"Williamson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2010.01.001","article-title":"\u201cBut I Like My Body\u201d: Positive body image characteristics and a holistic model for young-adult women","volume":"7","author":"Tylka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1177\/0011000006288127","article-title":"Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices","volume":"34","author":"Worthington","year":"2006","journal-title":"The Counseling Psychologist"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-01004-0","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the functionality appreciation scale","volume":"12","author":"Zamora","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-025-01197-y","article-title":"Emotion regulation difficulties and disordered eating in adolescents and young adults: A meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Journal of Eating Disorders"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.99.3.432","article-title":"Factors influencing five rules for determining the number of components to retain","volume":"99","author":"Zwick","year":"1986","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/16\/9\/137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T04:12:52Z","timestamp":1789099972000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2254-9625\/16\/9\/137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["ejihpe16090137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ejihpe16090137","relation":{},"ISSN":["2254-9625"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2254-9625","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}