{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T02:54:54Z","timestamp":1780368894364,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]],"date-time":"2019-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1549238400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryogenics-based energy storage (CES) is a thermo-electric bulk-energy storage technology, which stores electricity in the form of a liquefied gas at cryogenic temperatures. The charging process is an energy-intensive gas liquefaction process and the limiting factor to CES round trip efficiency (RTE). During discharge, the liquefied gas is pressurized, evaporated and then super-heated to drive a gas turbine. The cold released during evaporation can be stored and supplied to the subsequent charging process. In this research, exergy-based methods are applied to quantify the effect of cold storage on the thermodynamic performance of six liquefaction processes and to identify the most cost-efficient process. For all liquefaction processes assessed, the integration of cold storage was shown to multiply the liquid yield, reduce the specific power requirement by 50\u201370% and increase the exergetic efficiency by 30\u2013100%. The Claude-based liquefaction processes reached the highest exergetic efficiencies (76\u201382%). The processes reached their maximum efficiency at different liquefaction pressures. The Heylandt process reaches the highest RTE (50%) and the lowest specific power requirement (1021 kJ\/kg). The lowest production cost of liquid air (18.4 \u20ac\/ton) and the lowest specific investment cost (&lt;700 \u20ac\/kWchar) were achieved by the Kapitza process.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en12030493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,5]],"date-time":"2019-02-05T11:31:07Z","timestamp":1549366267000},"page":"493","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Exergy-Based and Economic Evaluation of Liquefaction Processes for Cryogenics Energy Storage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hamdy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Engineering Department, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7343-7380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Morosuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9633-2960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Tsatsaronis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Energy Engineering, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 10587 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Putselyk, S. 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