{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T05:28:22Z","timestamp":1781587702519,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]],"date-time":"2019-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006747","name":"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Verona Vicenza Belluno e Ancona","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3 Poli 5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3 Poli 5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006747","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Italy is one of the leading nations in the biogas sector. Agricultural, landfill, sewage and manure substrates are converted into biogas using anaerobic digestion and, then, into electricity and heat by means of properly arranged internal combustion engines. In this study, after an overview of the European context, the authors present the Italian biogas sector status in terms of development trends and factors that favour\/block biogas spread. Despite the fact that biogas is a renewable fuel and a consolidate technology, it is mandatory to examine its real costs, biogas composition and engine combustion products. For this purpose, in the present work, the authors selected six in-operation biogas plants fed by different substrates, investigate plants construction and operation costs and measure both biogas and engine emissions compositions. Biogas status analysis shows a high growth rate until the end of 2012 due to generous Government subsidies while, after supports reduction, a continuous depletion of biogas installations is observed. Alongside the development, established supports overlook also the plant size as well as the cost. In fact, the most widespread plant nameplate electric power is 1 MW while its construction cost ranges between 4.2\u20134.8 millions of Euros. Real on-site measurements show variable biogas composition while engine emissions are comparable with the natural gas ones.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en12060979","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T04:15:29Z","timestamp":1552536929000},"page":"979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Italian Biogas Plants: Trend, Subsidies, Cost, Biogas Composition and Engine Emissions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0122-1353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Benato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alarico","family":"Macor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Management, University of Padova, 35100 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1080\/09654313.2011.614396","article-title":"Spatial reflection of urban planning in metropolitan areas and urban rent; a case study of \u00c7ayyolu, Ankara","volume":"19","author":"Balta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Plan. Stud."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Grubb, M., Vrolijk, C., and Brack, D. (1997). The Kyoto Protocol: A Guide and Assessment, Royal Institute of International Affairs Energy and Environmental Programme."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Agreement, P. (2015). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2009). Directive 2009\/28\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources and Amending and Subsequently Repealing Directives 2001\/77\/EC and 2003\/30\/EC, United Nations."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Italian Government (2019, January 15). National Renewable Energy Action Plan, Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/energy\/en\/topics\/renewable-energy\/national-action-plans."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Foundation, E.C. (2019, January 15). 2030 Framework for Climate and Energy Policies. Available online: www.ec.europa.eu."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Foundation, E.C. (2019, January 15). EU Roadmap 2050. Available online: www.roadmap2050.eu."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Zervos, A. (2019, January 15). Renewables 2018\u2014Global Status Report. Available online: http:\/\/www.ren21.net."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"TERNA (2019, January 15). Dati Statistici. Available online: https:\/\/www.terna.it\/it-it\/sistemaelettrico\/statisticheeprevisioni\/datistatistici.aspx."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Gestore dei Servizi Energetici S.p.A. (2019, January 15). Rapporto Statistico Solare Fotovoltaico 2017. Available online: https:\/\/www.gse.it\/dati-e-scenari\/statistiche."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2019, January 15). Bioenergy and Food Security\u2014The BEFS Analytical Framework. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/docrep\/013\/i1968e\/i1968e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.njas.2016.03.009","article-title":"Prices matter: Analysis of food and energy competition relative to land resources in the European Union","volume":"77","author":"Wesseler","year":"2016","journal-title":"NJAS Wagening. J. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baek, G., Kim, J., Kim, J., and Lee, C. (2018). Role and potential of direct interspecies electron transfer in anaerobic digestion. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11010107"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2009.07.019","article-title":"Household biogas use in rural China: A study of opportunities and constraints","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2010.07.004","article-title":"Capacity-cost and location-cost analyses for biogas plants in Africa","volume":"55","author":"Amigun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resourc. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2017.05.013","article-title":"Future European biogas: Animal manure, straw and grass potentials for a sustainable European biogas production","volume":"111","author":"Meyer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baute, K., Van Eerd, L., Robinson, D., Sikkema, P., Mushtaq, M., and Gilroyed, B. (2018). Comparing the Biomass Yield and Biogas Potential of Phragmites australis with Miscanthus x giganteus and Panicum virgatum Grown in Canada. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11092198"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.06.035","article-title":"A spatial analysis of biogas potential from manure in Europe","volume":"94","author":"Scarlat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.03.006","article-title":"Biogas: Developments and perspectives in Europe","volume":"129","author":"Scarlat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Einarsson, R., and Persson, U.M. (2017). Analyzing key constraints to biogas production from crop residues and manure in the EU\u2014A spatially explicit model. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171001"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Maisonnier, G., Grandjean, J., Bouter, A., Collet, P., and Gauthier, T. (2019, March 13). Panorama 2018-Biogas in Europe: Future Prospects?. Available online: https:\/\/inis.iaea.org\/search\/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:49020790."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.06.058","article-title":"Optimizing feeding composition and carbon\u2013nitrogen ratios for improved methane yield during anaerobic co-digestion of dairy, chicken manure and wheat straw","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio on biogas production","volume":"1","author":"Dioha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Res. J. Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.200900254","article-title":"Effects of rainfall pattern on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soil amended with biogas slurry and composted cattle manure","volume":"173","author":"Geisseler","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"116","article-title":"Effect of carbon to nitrogen ratio of food waste on biogas methane production in a batch mesophilic anaerobic digester","volume":"5","author":"Tanimu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Innov. Manag. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, N., Ran, X., Li, R., Kougias, P., Zhang, Y., Lin, C., and Liu, H. (2018). Performance evaluation of mesophilic anaerobic digestion of chicken manure with algal digestate. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11071829"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roub\u00edk, H., Mazancov\u00e1, J., Le Dinh, P., Dinh Van, D., and Banout, J. (2018). Biogas quality across small-scale biogas plants: A case of central Vietnam. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11071794"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wagner, A., Lackner, N., Mutschlechner, M., Prem, E., Markt, R., and Illmer, P. (2018). Biological pretreatment strategies for second-generation lignocellulosic resources to enhance biogas production. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11071797"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milledge, J., Nielsen, B., Sadek, M., and Harvey, P. (2018). Effect of freshwater washing pretreatment on Sargassum muticum as a feedstock for biogas production. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11071771"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Addous, M., Saidan, M.N., Bdour, M., and Alnaief, M. (2018). Evaluation of Biogas Production from the Co-Digestion of Municipal Food Waste and Wastewater Sludge at Refugee Camps Using an Automated Methane Potential Test System. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12010032"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.08.278","article-title":"Biogas Engine Emissions: Standards and On-Site Measurements","volume":"126","author":"Benato","year":"2017","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-8904(98)00071-5","article-title":"Combustion of simulated biogas in a dual-fuel diesel engine","volume":"39","author":"Henham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-007-0302-6","article-title":"Experimental study of biogas combustion using a gas turbine configuration","volume":"43","author":"Lafay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noor, M., Wandel, A.P., and Yusaf, T. (2013, January 6\u20138). Numerical study of oxygen dilution and temperature distribution of biogas combustion in Bluff-body MILD burner. Proceedings of the 7th Australian Combustion Symposium (ACS 2013), Perth, Australia.","DOI":"10.15282\/ijame.8.2013.8.0096"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMM.388.273","article-title":"Biogas flameless combustion: A review","volume":"Volume 388","author":"Hosseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Applied Mechanics and Materials"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.15282\/jmes.6.2014.27.0097","article-title":"The simulation of biogas combustion in a mild burner","volume":"6","author":"Noor","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mech. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.07.204","article-title":"Development of biogas combustion in combined heat and power generation","volume":"40","author":"Hosseini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.11.059","article-title":"Review of the state-of-the-art of biogas combustion mechanisms and applications in internal combustion engines","volume":"69","author":"Qian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1021\/ef200500j","article-title":"Experimental study of biogas combustion in a two-layer packed bed burner","volume":"25","author":"Gao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Fuels"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.08.091","article-title":"Studies on the effects of methane fraction and injection strategies in a biogas diesel common rail dual fuel engine","volume":"236","author":"Rahman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/15435075.2018.1544901","article-title":"Ignition advancement study for optimized characteristics of a raw biogas operated spark ignition engine","volume":"16","author":"Hotta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Green Energy"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hassan, S., and Ya, H. (2019). Experimental Study on Electrical Power Generation from a 1-kW Engine Using Simulated Biogas Fuel. Rotating Machineries, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-2357-7_7"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2018.12.002","article-title":"Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with rice bran biodiesel and n-butanol","volume":"5","author":"Goga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhajir, K., Badrawada, I., and Susastriawan, A. (2019). Utilization of biogas for generator set fuel: Performance and emission characteristics. Biomass Convers. Biorefinery.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-018-00369-y"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benato, A., and Macor, A. (2017). Biogas Engine Waste Heat Recovery Using Organic Rankine Cycle. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10030327"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ishikawa, S., Hoshiba, S., Hinata, T., Hishinuma, T., and Morita, S. (2006). Evaluation of a Biogas Plant From Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ics.2006.02.008"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Prince, G., Lefebvre, M., Briend, P., and Paget, N. (2019). Method for Producing Biomethane by Purifying Biogas from Non-Hazardous Waste Storage Facilities and Facility for Implementing the Method. (App. 16\/065,644), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoo, P.Y., Hashim, H., Ho, W.S., and Yunus, N.A. (2019). Spatial-economic optimisation of biomethane injection into natural gas grid: The case at southern Malaysia. J. Environ. Manag.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.11.092"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2019.01.018","article-title":"Bioenergy production data from anaerobic digestion of thermally hydrolyzed organic fraction of municipal solid waste","volume":"22","author":"Razavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Data Brief"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11027-010-9247-9","article-title":"Assessment of global bioenergy potentials","volume":"16","author":"Offermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Chang."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.05.035","article-title":"Biomass resources and their bioenergy potential estimation: A review","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.07.141","article-title":"Past, current and future of biomass energy research: A bibliometric analysis","volume":"52","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.032","article-title":"An overview of biofuels policies and industrialization in the major biofuel producing countries","volume":"50","author":"Su","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.12.036","article-title":"Methods to optimise the design and management of biomass-for-bioenergy supply chains: A review","volume":"31","author":"Cattrysse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2009.10.003","article-title":"Production of first and second generation biofuels: A comprehensive review","volume":"14","author":"Naik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.02.035","article-title":"Bioethanol","volume":"10","author":"Gray","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2011.06.045","article-title":"Bioethanol production from agricultural wastes: An overview","volume":"37","author":"Sarkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(99)00025-5","article-title":"Biodiesel production: A review","volume":"70","author":"Ma","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2004.09.002","article-title":"Technical aspects of biodiesel production by transesterification\u2014A review","volume":"10","author":"Meher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2010.12.021","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the combustion and exhaust emission characteristics of biogas\u2013biodiesel dual-fuel combustion in a CI engine","volume":"92","author":"Yoon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.10.317","article-title":"Biogas production plants; existing classifications and proposed categories","volume":"174","author":"Lindkvist","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S. (2012). Biogas, InTech.","DOI":"10.5772\/1793"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8121","DOI":"10.3390\/en8088121","article-title":"Combined biogas and bioethanol production: Opportunities and challenges for industrial application","volume":"8","author":"Cesaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177970","article-title":"Beneficial biofuels-the food, energy, and environment trilemma","volume":"325","author":"Tilman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2009.03.013","article-title":"Potential contribution of biomass to the sustainable energy development","volume":"50","author":"Demirbas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Cheng, J. (2017). Biomass to Renewable Energy Processes, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.10.055","article-title":"A review on current aspects and diverse prospects for enhancing biogas production in sustainable means","volume":"42","author":"Divya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.02.032","article-title":"Review on research achievements of biogas from anaerobic digestion","volume":"45","author":"Mao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"World Bioenergy Association (WBA) (2017). Global Bioenergy Statistics 2017, WBA."},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Eurostat (2019, January 15). European Statistics. Available online: http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"European Biogas Association (2017). Statistical Report 2017, European Biogas Association."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deublein, D., and Steinhauser, A. (2011). Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources: An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527632794"},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Camera dei deputati ed il Senato della Repubblica (2019, January 15). Disposizioni per la Formazione del Bilancio Annuale E Pluriennale dello Stato (Legge Finanziaria 2008) (GU n.300 del 28-12-2007\u2014Suppl. Ordinario n. 285). Available online: http:\/\/www.gazzettaufficiale.it\/atto\/stampa\/serie_generale\/originario."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Autorit\u00e0 per l\u2019Energia Elettrica e il Gas (2019, January 15). Delibera ARG\/elt 1\/09 del 09\/01\/2009. Available online: https:\/\/www.arera.it\/it\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Gestore dei Servizi Energetici GSE S.p.A. (2019, January 15). Statistiche. Available online: https:\/\/www.gse.it\/dati-e-scenari\/statistiche."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2019, January 15). Directive 2001\/77\/EC of the European Parliament and Council of the European Union of 27 September 2001 on the Promotion of Electricity Produced from Renewable Energy Sources in the Internal Electricity Market. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32001L0077."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"European Parliament and Council of the European Union (2019, January 15). Directive 2003\/30\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the Promotion of the Use of Biofuels or Other Renewable Fuels for Transport. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/ALL\/?uri=celex%3A32003L0030."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Italian Parliament (2019, January 15). DECRETO LEGISLATIVO 3 marzo 2011, n. 28 Attuazione Della Direttiva 2009\/28\/CE Sulla Promozione Dell\u2019Uso Dell\u2019Energia Da Fonti Rinnovabili, Recante Modifi Ca E Successiva Abrogazione Delle Direttive 2001\/77\/CE e 2003\/30\/CE, Available online: http:\/\/www.acs.enea.it\/doc\/dlgs_28-2011.pdf."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Ministero Dello Sviluppo Economico (2019, January 15). DECRETO 6 Luglio 2012, Available online: https:\/\/www.mise.gov.it\/images\/stories\/normativa\/DM_6_luglio_2012_sf.pdf."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Ministero Dello Sviluppo Economico (2019, January 15). DECRETO 23 Giugno 2016 Incentivazione Dell\u2019energia Elettrica Prodotta Da Fonti Rinnovabili Diverse Dal Fotovoltaico, Available online: https:\/\/www.gse.it\/documenti_site\/Documenti%20GSE\/Servizi%20per%20te\/FER%20ELETTRICHE\/NORMATIVE\/DM%2023%20giugno%202016.PDF."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Italian Parliament (2019, January 15). Decreto Legislativo 3 Aprile 2006, n. 152. Norme in Materia Ambientale, Available online: http:\/\/www.gazzettaufficiale.it\/atto\/serie_generale\/caricaDettaglioAtto\/originario?atto.dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=2006-04-14&atto.codiceRedazionale=006G0171."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Ministero Dell\u2019ambiente E Della Tutela Del Territorio E Del Mare (2019, January 15). DECRETO 19 maggio 2016, n. 118. Regolamento Recante Aggiornamento dei Valori Limite Di Emissione in Atmosfera per le Emissioni di Carbonio Organico Totale Degli Impianti Alimentati a Biogas, ai Sensi Dell\u2019articolo 281, Comma 5, Del Decreto Legislativo n. 152 del 2006. Available online: http:\/\/www.arpa.veneto.it\/temi-ambientali\/energia\/file-e-allegati\/normativa\/DM%2019%20maggio%202016%20n.%20118.pdf."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"GE (2019, January 15). GE Power Generation. Available online: https:\/\/powergen.gepower.com\/applications\/biogas.html."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Kristensen, P.G., Jensen, J.K., Nielsen, M., and Illerup, J.B. (2019, March 13). Emission factors for gas fired CHP units <25 MW. Available online: https:\/\/www2.dmu.dk\/1_Viden\/2_Miljoe-tilstand\/3_luft\/4_adaei\/doc\/EmissionfactorsforgasfiredCHPunits.pdf."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/6\/979\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:38:31Z","timestamp":1760186311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/6\/979"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["en12060979"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en12060979","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,13]]}}}