{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T16:25:34Z","timestamp":1781713534189,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1560902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The European Union is a leading patron for the introduction of renewable energy, having set a target that renewable sources will represent at least 27% of total energy consumption by the year 2030. Presently, the most significant Croatian renewable resource is hydropower, which is presently at its peak and will not develop further because of limited hydro resources. Therefore, the share of electricity generation from onshore wind farms in Croatia during in recent years has grown significantly. However, as the Croatian government has already made most of the concessions for possible locations of wind farms, the aim of the present study is to evaluate a different renewable energy resource, wave energy. An assessment of the offshore wave energy potential in the Croatian part of the Adriatic Sea is performed using data taken from WorldWaves atlas (WWA). WWA is based on satellite measurements, validated against buoy measurements and reanalysed by numerical wave modelling. This assessment was done for seven locations, and mean yearly energy is calculated for two offshore wave energy converters. Capacity factors were calculated for annual as well as for seasonal levels, and it was concluded that the bulk of the energy would be generated in autumn and winter. The most probable extreme significant wave height was determined at the investigated locations as well. Furthermore, the offshore wind energy potential was evaluated and compared to the wave energy potential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en12122357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]],"date-time":"2019-06-19T10:43:32Z","timestamp":1560941012000},"page":"2357","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Assessment of Offshore Wave Energy Potential in the Croatian Part of the Adriatic Sea and Comparison with Wind Energy Potential"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Farkas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lu\u010di\u0107a 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1596-7081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nastia","family":"Degiuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lu\u010di\u0107a 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana","family":"Marti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, University of Zagreb, Ivana Lu\u010di\u0107a 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2014.05.025","article-title":"Environmental Impact Assessments for wave energy developments\u2013Learning from existing activities and informing future research priorities","volume":"99","author":"Leeney","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2015.01.006","article-title":"Wave energy assessment in Sicily (Italy)","volume":"78","author":"Monteforte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.11.101","article-title":"Ocean wave energy in the United States: Current status and future perspectives","volume":"74","author":"Lehmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2018.04.003","article-title":"Assessment of ocean wave energy resource potential in Thailand","volume":"160","author":"Kompor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Coast. Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.11.127","article-title":"New equations of wave energy assessment accounting for the water depth","volume":"188","author":"Liang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzitta, V., and Curto, D. (2017). Sustainability of the renewable energy extraction close to the Mediterranean Islands. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10030283"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.04.049","article-title":"Wave energy assessement for Northern Spain from a 33-year hindcast","volume":"127","author":"Bento","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.08.039","article-title":"A revised assessment of Australia\u2019s national wave energy resource","volume":"114","author":"Hemer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.11.012","article-title":"On the wave energy resource of Peru","volume":"90","author":"Veigas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.09.016","article-title":"Wave energy resource assessment for eastern Bay of Bengal and Malacca Strait","volume":"114","author":"Aboobacker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.02.016","article-title":"A techno-economic assessment of wave energy resources in the Philippines","volume":"88","author":"Quitoras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.03.076","article-title":"Wave energy assessment in the central-south coast of Chile","volume":"114","author":"Lucero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14219","DOI":"10.3390\/en81212423","article-title":"Wave energy resource along the coast of Santa Catarina (Brazil)","volume":"8","author":"Contestabile","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.04.071","article-title":"Wave energy potential along the Atlantic coast of Morocco","volume":"96","author":"Sierra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.08.040","article-title":"Evaluation of the wave energy resources in the Cape Verde Islands","volume":"101","author":"Bernardino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2016.09.073","article-title":"Wave energy resource assessment for Red Sea","volume":"114","author":"Aboobacker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijome.2017.08.002","article-title":"Wave energy potential along the southern coast of the Caspian Sea","volume":"19","author":"Alamian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mar. Energy"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2016.04.002","article-title":"Assessment of wind energy and wave energy resources in Weifang sea area","volume":"41","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.03.026","article-title":"Developing an optimum hotspot identifier for wave energy extracting in the northern Persian Gulf","volume":"114","author":"Kamranzad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2015.12.060","article-title":"Assessments of wave energy in the Bohai Sea, China","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00f8rk, G., Barstow, S., Kabuth, A., and Pontes, M.T. (2010, January 6\u201311). Assessing the global wave energy potential. Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering, Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1115\/OMAE2010-20473"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2014.12.002","article-title":"Wave climate analysis for the design of wave energy harvesters in the Mediterranean Sea","volume":"77","author":"Arena","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2015.10.044","article-title":"Wave energy resource assessment in the Mediterranean Sea on the basis of a 35-year hindcast","volume":"94","author":"Besio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vannucchi, V., and Cappietti, L. (2016). Wave energy assessment and performance estimation of state of the art wave energy converters in Italian hotspots. Sustainability, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/su8121300"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2012.08.023","article-title":"Wave energy resource assessment in the Mediterranean, the Italian perspective","volume":"50","author":"Liberti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franzitta, V., Curto, D., Milone, D., and Rao, D. (2016). Assessment of renewable sources for the energy consumption in Malta in the Mediterranean Sea. Energies, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/en9121034"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijome.2017.03.001","article-title":"Wave energy resource evaluation and characterisation for the Libyan Sea","volume":"18","author":"Lavidas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Mar. Energy"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Vicinanza, D., Cappietti, L., and Contestabile, P. (2009, January 7\u201310). Assessment of wave energy around Italy. Proceedings of the 8th European Wave and Tidal Energy Conference, Uppsala, Sweden."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2013.07.030","article-title":"Wave electricity production in Italian offshore: A preliminary investigation","volume":"62","author":"Bozzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lavidas, G., and Venugopal, V. (2018). Energy Production Benefits by Wind and Wave Energies for the Autonomous System of Crete. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11102741"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.3390\/en6031344","article-title":"Evaluation of various technologies for wave energy conversion in the Portuguese nearshore","volume":"6","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4002","DOI":"10.3390\/en7064002","article-title":"Evaluation of the wave energy conversion efficiency in various coastal environments","volume":"7","author":"Rusu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Barstow, S., Mork, G., Lonseth, L., Schjolberg, P., Machado, U., Athanassoulis, G., Belibassakis, K., Gerostathis, T., Stefanakos, C., and Spaan, G. (2003, January 25\u201330). WORLDWAVES: Fusion of data from many sources in a user-friendly software package for timely calculation of wave statistics in global coastal waters. Proceedings of the 13th International Offshore and Polar Conference and Exhibition, ISOPE2003, Honolulu, HI, USA."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2018.04.009","article-title":"Wave statistics in the Adriatic Sea based on 24 years of satellite measurements","volume":"158","author":"Parunov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ocean Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2019, May 16). Analysis of Cost Reduction Opportunities in the Wave Energy Industry. Available online: http:\/\/www.esru.strath.ac.uk\/EandE\/Web_sites\/14-15\/Wave_Energy\/point-absorber.html."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.10.001","article-title":"Annual and seasonal variabilities in the performances of wave energy converters","volume":"165","author":"Guillou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, W., Isberg, J., Waters, R., Engstr\u00f6m, J., Svensson, O., and Leijon, M. (2016). Statistical analysis of wave climate data using mixed distributions and extreme wave prediction. Energies, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/en9060396"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.18048\/2016.52.02","article-title":"Wave statistics for the middle Adriatic Sea","volume":"52","author":"Farkas","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Marit. Transp. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.07.196","article-title":"Offshore renewable energy in the Adriatic Sea with respect to the Croatian 2020 energy strategy","volume":"40","author":"Kozmar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"(2019, May 16). Dr\u017eavni Hidrometerolo\u0161ki Zavod. Available online: www.meteo.hr."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"(2019, May 29). NWE Sales, Windmill Sales and Engineering. Available online: http:\/\/www.nwesales.fi\/windpower\/."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.01.061","article-title":"The economics of wave energy: A review","volume":"45","author":"Astariz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/12\/2357\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T12:59:42Z","timestamp":1760187582000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/12\/2357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["en12122357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en12122357","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,19]]}}}