{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:40:03Z","timestamp":1780504803128,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The technological components regarding building cladding are designed for ensuring thermo-hygrometric comfort conditions within habitable spaces and realising smart buildings. Often the solutions adopted are identified referring only to the characteristics of mechanical and energy materials without considering the ecological\u2013environmental properties in an urban context. Thus, it is appropriate to choose technological components not only according to material type, but also ecological aspects pursued through presence and\/or structured integration of natural elements. The technical-design forms based on \u201cbuilding\u2013nature\u201d integration allows, on one hand, the sustainable soil use with multiple benefits (ecosystem services) that natural systems produce, on the other hand, the identification of technological solutions sized referring environmental quality levels achieved through appropriate natural species use. In this way, it can be obtained lower buildings investment and maintenance costs, and greater energetic\u2013environmental benefits. So, it is proposed an evaluation protocol for settlement transformation interventions structured considering environmental effects obtained with Nature-Based Solutions (NBSs) into the project. According to ecological\u2013environmental quality level achieved with NBSs, the technological component is sized according to preliminary design parameters (noise reduction and solar irradiation degree) obtained through NBSs. The total performance level of technological solutions is expressed using Economic\u2013Environmental Indicators. The protocol is tested on social housing case in Anagnina district of Rome (Italy).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en12142659","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]],"date-time":"2019-07-11T11:28:28Z","timestamp":1562844508000},"page":"2659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Integrated Ecosystem Design: An Evaluation Model to Support the Choice of Eco-Compatible Technological Solutions for Residential Building"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8675-7498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Guarini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Architecture and Design, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00196 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8049-1206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Morano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Polytechnic University of Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5691-4747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Sica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Architecture and Construction, Department of Architecture and Design, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00196 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hegger, M., Fuchs, M., and Stark, T. (2008). Correttezza delle strategie: Tra rendimento e sostenibilit\u00e0. Atlante Della Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ed Efficienza Energetica Degli Edifici, UTET."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Brundtland, G.H., Khalid, M., Agnelli, S., and Al-Athel, S. (1987). Our Common Future, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2019, May 13). What is Sustainability. Available online: https:\/\/www.globalfootprints.org\/sustainability\/."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Kahnn, M.E. (2007). Green Cities: Urban Growth and the Environment, Brookings Institution Press."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"European Environment Agency (2019, April 28). Land system at European level\u2014Analytical assessment framework European, Briefing no. 10\/2018. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/themes\/landuse\/land-systems\/land-system-at-european-level."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Organisation de Coop\u00e9ration et de D\u00e9veloppement \u00c9conomiques (2013). Transition to Sustainable Buildings: Strategies and Opportunities to 2050, OECD Publishing."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Baker, S., Kousis, M., Richardson, D., and Young, S. (1997). Politics of Sustainable Development. Theory, Police and Practice within European Union, Routdlege."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2010.11.022","article-title":"Review of building energy-use performance benchmarking methodologies","volume":"88","author":"Chung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2019, June 06). Directive 2006\/32\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 April 2006 on Energy End-Use Efficiency and Energy Services and Repealing Council Directive 93\/76\/EEC. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32006L0032."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"(2019, June 06). Directive 2009\/29\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 Amending Directive 2003\/87\/EC so as to Improve and Extend the Greenhouse Gas Emission Allowance Trading Scheme of the Community. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0063:0087:en:PDF."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"(2019, June 06). Directive 2010\/31\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 May 2010 on the Energy Performance of Buildings. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:153:0013:0035:EN:PDF."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"(2019, June 06). Directive 2012\/27\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on Energy Efficiency, Amending Directives 2009\/125\/EC and 2010\/30\/EU and Repealing Directives 2004\/8\/EC and 2006\/32\/EC. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2012:315:0001:0056:en:PDF."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"(2019, June 06). Commission Recommendation (EU) 2016\/1318 of 29 July 2016 on Guidelines for the Promotion of Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings and Best Practices to Ensure That, by 2020, All New Buildings are Nearly Zero-Energy Buildings. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX%3A32016H1318."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"(2019, June 06). Directive (EU) 2018\/844 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 Amending Directive 2010\/31\/EU on the Energy Performance of Buildings and Directive 2012\/27\/EU on Energy Efficiency. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32018L0844&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2019, June 06). Directive (EU) 2018\/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=uriserv:OJ.L_.2018.328.01.0082.01.ENG."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2019, June 06). Regulation (EU) 2018\/1999 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 on the Governance of the Energy Union and Climate Action, Amending Regulations (EC) No 663\/2009 and (EC) No 715\/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, Directives 94\/22\/EC, 98\/70\/EC, 2009\/31\/EC, 2009\/73\/EC, 2010\/31\/EU, 2012\/27\/EU and 2013\/30\/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council, Council Directives 2009\/119\/EC and (EU) 2015\/652 and Repealing Regulation (EU) No 525\/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:32018R1999&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"European Commission (2019, June 06). Green Paper A 2030 Framework for Climate and Energy Policies. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/LexUriServ\/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2013:0169:FIN:EN:PDF."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Mazzucchelli, E.S. (2013). Edifici Ad Energia Quasi Zero, Maggioli Editore."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pless, S., and Torcellini, P. (2010). Net-Zero Energy Buildings: A Classification System Based on Renewable Energy Supply Options (No. NREL\/TP-550-44586).","DOI":"10.2172\/983417"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2011.08.033","article-title":"Cost optimal and nearly zero (nZEB) energy performance calculations for residential buildings with REHVA definition for nZEB national implementation","volume":"43","author":"Kurnitski","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Sferra, A.S. (2013). Obiettivo \u201cQuasi Zero\u201d. Un Percorso Verso La Sostenibilit\u00e0 Ambientale, Franco Angeli."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"European Commission (2019, June 06). A New EU Forest Strategy: For Forests and the Forest-Based Sector, COM (2013) 659, Brussels. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/agriculture\/forest\/strategy\/communication_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tyrv\u00e4inen, L., Pauleit, S., Seeland, K., and De Vries, S. (2005). Benefits and uses of urban forests and trees. Urban Forests and Trees, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-27684-X_5"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nilsson, K. (2011). Urban Forests and Their Ecosystem Services in Relation to Human Health. Forests, Trees and Human Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-90-481-9806-1"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, Island Press."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1209","article-title":"The history of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: From early notions to markets and payment schemes","volume":"69","author":"Lomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ecol. Econ."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2019, July 10). ISO 52000: 2017 Energy Performance of Buildings Overarching Standard EPBD. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/65601.html."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"(2019, July 10). ISO\/TR 16344: 2012 Energy Performance of Buildings\u2014Common Terms, Definitions and Symbols for the Overall Energy Performance Rating and Certification. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/56225.html."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"(2019, July 10). ISO 16346: 2013 Energy Performance of Buildings\u2014Assessment of Overall Energy Performance. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/56226.html."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"377","article-title":"What is energy What is energy efficiency?: Concepts, indicators and methodological issues","volume":"24","author":"Murray","year":"1996","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, L., and Yan, Q. (2010, January 7\u20139). An approach to index system of efficacy evaluation on building energy conservation. Proceedings of the International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment. ICEE, Henan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEEE.2010.5660812"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2010.12.023","article-title":"Towards a universal energy efficiency index for buildings","volume":"43","author":"Wilby","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-013-9221-y","article-title":"Building energy index and end-use energy analysis in large-scale hospitals-case study in Malaysia","volume":"7","author":"Moghimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energy Effic."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.12.018","article-title":"Energy efficiency index as an indicator for measuring building energy performance: A review","volume":"44","author":"Hassan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sust. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2019, July 10). ISO 15686:2011\u2014Building and Constructed Assets\u2014Service Life Planning. Available online: https:\/\/www.iso.org\/standard\/45798.html."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Bradley, G.A. (1995). Urban Forest Landscapes: Integrating Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives. Urban Forest Landscapes: Integrating Multi-Disciplinary Perspectives, University of Washington Press."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-162X(199902)19:1<51::AID-PAD54>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Capacity Building and Institutional Development: Reflections on Water","volume":"19","author":"Franks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Public Adm. Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Phillips, V.D., and Tschida, R. Urban forestry capacity building and models. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Environmental Management for Sustainable Universities, June 26\u201330, 2006, Global Environmental Management Education Center, College of Natural Resources, University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. Available online: https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/252751171_."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"148","article-title":"Using Linear Integer Programming for Multi-Site Land-Use Allocation","volume":"35","author":"Aerts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geogr. Anal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1108\/JPIF-01-2017-0003","article-title":"The sustainability of urban renewal projects: A model for economic multi-criteria analysis","volume":"35","author":"Sica","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Prop. Investig. Financ."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"17","article-title":"A model of urban forest sustainability","volume":"23","author":"Clark","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Arboric."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guarini, M.R., Nestic\u00f2, A., Morano, P., and Sica, F. (2018). A Multicriteria Economic Analysis Model for Urban Forestry Projects. International Symposium on New Metropolitan Perspectives, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-92099-3_63"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nestic\u00f2, A., Guarini, M.R., Morano, P., and Sica, F. (2019). An Economic Analysis Algorithm for Urban Forestry Projects. Sustainability, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/su11020314"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.culher.2018.03.008","article-title":"A model to support the public administration decisions for the investment selection on historic buildings","volume":"33","author":"Morano","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cult. Herit."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMCDM.2017.085163","article-title":"Public Interest Evaluation in Negotiated Public-Private Partnership","volume":"89","author":"Battisti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Multicriteria Decis. Mak."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.03.065","article-title":"Energy management in production: A novel method to develop key performance indicators for improving energy efficiency","volume":"149","author":"May","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1108\/02632771211235242","article-title":"Key performance indicators (KPI) for the sustainability of building energy efficiency retrofit (BEER) in hotel buildings in China","volume":"30","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Facilities"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Xu, P., and A Model for Sustainable Building Energy Efficiency Retrofit (BEER) Using Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) Mechanism for Hotel Buildings in China (2019, July 10). The Hong Kong Polytechnic University 2012. Available online: http:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10397\/5434."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2014.11.035","article-title":"Optimal energy management of urban rail systems: Key performance indicators","volume":"90","author":"Palacin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/75.1.13","article-title":"A methodology to select the best locations for new urban forests using multicriteria analysis","volume":"75","author":"Embo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2010.11.004","article-title":"A framework for developing urban forest ecosystem services and goods indicators","volume":"99","author":"Dobbs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2012.01.012","article-title":"Framework for systematic indicator selection to assess effects of land management on ecosystem services","volume":"21","author":"Petz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barron, S., Sheppard, S.R.J., and Condon, P.M. (2016). Urban Forest Indicators for Planning and Designing Future Forests. Forests, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/f7090208"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"(2019, July 10). Prime Minister\u2019s Decree of 14 November 1997: Sound source noise limits determination. (Decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri\u2013DPCM-del 14 novembre 1997: Determinazione dei requisiti acustici passivi degli edifici). Available online: https:\/\/www.anit.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/DPCM_14_11_19971.pdf."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"(2019, July 10). Prime Minister\u2019s Decree of 5 december 1997: Determination of passive acoustic requirements of buildings. (Decreto del Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri \u2013 DPCM - del 5 dicembre 1997: determinazione-dei-requisiti-acustici-passivi-degli-edifici). Available online: https:\/\/www.anit.it\/norma\/dpcm-5-12-1997-determinazione-dei-requisiti-acustici-passivi-degli-edifici\/."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2019, July 10). Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (ISPRA) Linee guida di forestazione urbana sostenibile per Roma Capitale., ISPRA Manuali e linee guida 129 (2015): 2015, Available online: http:\/\/www.isprambiente.gov.it\/it\/pubblicazioni\/manuali-e-linee-guida\/linee-guida-di-forestazione-urbana-sostenibile-per-roma-capitale."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2019, May 05). Istituto di Biometeorologia (IBIMET) del CNR di Bologna, Forestazione Urbana: Criteri Per La Selezione Di Specie Arboree Ed Arbustive Destinate Alla Mitigazione Ambientale 2017. Available online: http:\/\/www.bo.ibimet.cnr.it\/notizie-ed-eventi\/forestazione-urbana."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/14\/2659\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T13:04:31Z","timestamp":1760187871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/12\/14\/2659"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]}},"alternative-id":["en12142659"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en12142659","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,11]]}}}