{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T18:47:45Z","timestamp":1763837265144,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]],"date-time":"2021-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The paper describes the methodology of research of exhaust emissions from a combustion engine under engine states determined by the vehicle actual operation in the RDE test. The processes of quantities determining the vehicle motion and engine states have been recorded, along with the exhaust emission intensity. Based on the developed research methodology, zero-dimensional characteristics of the processes of the emission intensity have been determined under the conditions of urban, rural and motorway traffic, as well as in the entire test. The authors also determined the average specific distance exhaust emissions under the conditions of urban, rural and motorway traffic, as well as in the entire test. Based on the above results, the unique characteristics of the relation of the average specific distance emissions and the average vehicle speed have been obtained. The obtained characteristics may be used in the modeling of exhaust emissions from motor vehicles under actual traffic conditions. The authors also explored the sensitivity of the average specific distance emissions to the vehicle driving style.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en14040935","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,12]],"date-time":"2021-02-12T00:49:26Z","timestamp":1613090966000},"page":"935","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Investigations of Exhaust Emissions from a Combustion Engine under Simulated Actual Operating Conditions in Real Driving Emissions Test"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6676-2508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Andrych-Zalewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zdzislaw","family":"Chlopek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Automotive and Construction Machinery Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Narbutta 84, 02-524 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1389-0503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerzy","family":"Merkisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, pl. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7586-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Pielecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, pl. M. Sklodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2016). Commission Regulation (EU) 2016\/427 of 10 March 2016 Amending Regulation (EC) No. 692\/2008 as Regards Emissions from Light Passenger and Commercial Vehicles (Euro 6), Verifying Real Driving Emissions. Off. J. Eur. Union, L 82, Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2016\/427\/oj."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2016). Commission Regulation (EU) 2016\/646 of 20 April 2016 Amending Regulation (EC) No. 692\/2008 as Regards Emissions from Light Passenger and Commercial Vehicles (Euro 6), Verifying Real Driving Emissions. Off. J. Eur. Union, L 109, Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2016\/646\/oj."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2017). European Commission (2017) Regulation (EC) 2017\/1151 of 1 June 2017 Supplementing Regulation (EC) No 715\/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Type-Approval of Motor Vehicles with Respect to Emissions from Light Passenger and Commercial Vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on Access to Vehicle Repair and Maintenance Information, Amending Directive 2007\/46\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, Commission Regulation (EC) No 692\/2008 and Commission Regulation (EU) No 1230\/2012 and Repealing Commission Regulation (EC) No 692\/2008. Off. J. Eur. Union, L 175, 1\u2013643. Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2017\/1151\/oj."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Worldwide Emission Standards (2020\u20132021). Passenger Cars and Light Duty Vehicles, Delphi. Innovation for the Real World."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.19206\/CE-2017-426","article-title":"Modelling of motor vehicle operation for the evaluation of pollutant emission and fuel consumption","volume":"171","author":"Biedrzycki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Combust. Engines"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.17531\/ein.2015.1.5","article-title":"Assessment of the impact of dynamic states of an internal combustion engine on its operational properties","volume":"17","author":"Biedrzycki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eksploat. I Niezawodn. Maint. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"42","article-title":"Pollutant emission characteristics determined using the Monte Carlo Method","volume":"2","author":"Laskowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eksploat. I Niezawodn. Maint. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.17531\/ein.2016.4.12","article-title":"Synthesis of driving cycles in accordance with the criterion of similarity of frequency characteristics","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eksploat. I Niezawodn. Maint. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1949.10483310","article-title":"The Monte Carlo Method","volume":"247","author":"Metropolis","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.19206\/CE-2018-401","article-title":"Evaluation of the test drive cycle conditions impact on exhaust emissions from an internal combustion engine","volume":"175","author":"Merkisz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Combust. Engines"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Concawe (2018). A Comparison of Real Driving Emissions from Euro 6 Diesel Passenger Cars with Zero Emission Vehicles and Their Impact on Urban Air Quality Compliance. Urban Air Quality Study: Extension I, Concawe. Report 8\/18."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.19206\/CE-2018-302","article-title":"Testing and evaluating real driving emissions with PEMS","volume":"173","author":"Czerwinski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Combust. Engines"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"International Transport Forum (2017). Real-Word Vehicle Emissions, International Transport Forum. Discussion Paper No. 2017-06."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2019.07.050","article-title":"The evaluation of exhaust emission in RDE tests including dynamic driving conditions","volume":"40","author":"Kurtyka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1504\/IJVD.2011.043590","article-title":"Synthesis of real-world driving cycles using stochastic process and statistical methodology","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Veh. Des."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"364","article-title":"Exhaust emission tests from non-road vehicles conducted with the use of PEMS analyzers","volume":"15","author":"Merkisz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eksploat. Niezawodn. Maint. Reliab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Merkisz, J., and Pielecha, J. (2018). Comparison of real driving emissions tests. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng., 421.","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/421\/4\/042055"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Semtech-DS (2010). On Board Vehicle Emissions Analyzer. User Manual, Semtech-DS. Document: 9510-086, Revision: 2.01."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"TSI 3090 EEPS\u2122 (Engine Exhaust Particle Sizer\u2122) (2008). User Manual, TSI."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valverde, M.V., Giechaskiel, B., and Carriero, M. (2020). Real Driving Emissions: 2018\u20132019 Assessment of Portable Emissions Measurement Systems (PEMS) Measurement Uncertainty, Publications Office of the European Union.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.012"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2007). Commission Regulation (EC) 715\/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on Type Approval of Motor Vehicles with Respect to Emissions from Light Passenger and Commercial Vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on Access to Vehicle Repair and Maintenance Information, European Commission (EC). Off. J. Eur. Union, L 171, Available online: http:\/\/data.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2007\/715\/oj."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"BUWAL (Bundesamtf\u00fcr Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft), and INFRAS AG (Infrastruktur-, Umwelt- und Wirtschaftsberatung) (1995). Luftschadstoffemissionen des Strassenverkehrs 1950\u20132010, BUWAL-Bericht."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2020, December 01). COPERT 5\u2014Manual. Available online: https:\/\/copert.emisia.com\/manual\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"(2019, December 20). EMEP\/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebook 2019. Available online: https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/publications\/emep-eea-guidebook-2019."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"157","article-title":"Dimension und \u00e4usseres Mass","volume":"79","author":"Hausdorff","year":"1918","journal-title":"MathematischeAnnalen"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"INFRAS, AG (2019, July 15). Handbuchf\u00fcrEmissionsfaktoren des Strassenverkehrs; Version 3.1; Bern 2010. Available online: https:\/\/www.hbefa.net\/e\/index.html."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/4\/935\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:22:32Z","timestamp":1760160152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/4\/935"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["en14040935"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14040935","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1996-1073"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,10]]}}}