{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:22:19Z","timestamp":1779103339686,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hydrogen can be generated in situ within reservoirs containing hydrocarbons through chemical reactions. This technology could be a possible solution for low-emission hydrogen production due to of simultaneous CO2 storage. In gas fields, it is possible to carry out the catalytic methane conversion (CMC) if sufficient amounts of steam, catalyst, and heat are ensured in the reservoir. There is no confirmation of the CMC\u2019s feasibility at relatively low temperatures in the presence of core (reservoir rock) material. This study introduces the experimental results of the first part of the research on in situ hydrogen generation in the Promyslovskoye gas field. A set of static experiments in the autoclave reactor were performed to study the possibility of hydrogen generation under reservoir conditions. It was shown that CMC can be realized in the presence of core and ex situ prepared Ni-based catalyst, under high pressure up to 207 atm, but at temperatures not lower than 450 \u00b0C. It can be concluded that the crushed core model improves the catalytic effect but releases carbon dioxide and light hydrocarbons, which interfere with the hydrogen generation. The maximum methane conversion rate to hydrogen achieved at 450 \u00b0C is 5.8%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en14165121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]],"date-time":"2021-08-19T09:58:06Z","timestamp":1629367086000},"page":"5121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["An Experimental Study of the Possibility of In Situ Hydrogen Generation within Gas Reservoirs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8983-6207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Afanasev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Popov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3580-9120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Cheremisin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 121205 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roman","family":"Berenblyum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hydrogen Source AS, 0114 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Evgeny","family":"Mikitin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lukoil Engineering LLC, 109028 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eduard","family":"Sorokin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lukoil Engineering LLC, 109028 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2855-6284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Borisenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lukoil Engineering LLC, 109028 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Viktor","family":"Darishchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ritek LLC, 400048 Volgograd, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Shchekoldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ritek LLC, 400048 Volgograd, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Slavkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ritek LLC, 400048 Volgograd, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hydrogen Council (2017, November 13). Hydrogen Scaling Up. United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/hydrogencouncil.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Hydrogen-scaling-up-Hydrogen-Council.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1109\/MPAE.2004.1359020","article-title":"Hydrogen: Automotive fuel of the future","volume":"2","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Power Energy Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.04.089","article-title":"The carbon credentials of hydrogen gas networks and supply chains","volume":"91","author":"Balcombe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IEA (2019, June 15). The future of Fuel: The Future of Hydrogen; France. Available online: https:\/\/iea.blob.core.windows.net\/assets\/9e3a3493-b9a6-4b7d-b499-7ca48e357561\/The_Future_of_Hydrogen.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"IEAGHG (2017, February 15). Techno-Economic Evaluation of SMR Based Standalone (Merchant) Hydrogen Plant with CCS. UK. Available online: https:\/\/ieaghg.org\/exco_docs\/2017-02.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.2118\/17022-PA","article-title":"Thermal Recovery of Bitumen at Wolf Lake","volume":"4","author":"Hallam","year":"1989","journal-title":"SPE Reserv. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hajdo, L.E., Hallam, R.J., and Vorndran, L.D.L. (1985, January 27\u201329). Hydrogen Generation During In-Situ Combustion. Proceedings of the SPE 1985 California Regional Meeting, Bakersfield, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.2523\/13661-MS"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapadia, P.R., Kallos, M.S., and Gates, I.D. (2010, January 24\u201328). A Comprehensive Kinetic Theory to Model Thermolysis, Aquathermolysis, Gasification, Combustion, and Oxidation of Athabasca Bitumen. Proceedings of the SPE Improved Oil Recovery Symposium, Tulsa, OK, USA.","DOI":"10.2523\/129660-MS"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapadia, P.R., Kallos, M.S., Leskiw, C., and Gates, I.D. (2009, January 8\u201311). Potential for Hydrogen Generation during In situ Combustion of Bitumen. Proceedings of the SPE EUROPEC\/EAGE Annual Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.","DOI":"10.2118\/122028-MS"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.02.035","article-title":"Practical process design for in situ gasification of bitumen","volume":"107","author":"Kapadia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6832-3-16","article-title":"Review of underground coal gasification technologies and carbon capture","volume":"3","author":"Self","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Energy Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1007\/s40789-014-0011-8","article-title":"Experimental forward and reverse in situ combustion gasification of lignite with production of hydrogen-rich syngas","volume":"1","author":"Cui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Scott, E. (2008). Production of Hydrogen from Underground Coal Gasification. (WO 2008\/033268 Al), Patent."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Surguchev, L., Berenblym, R., and Dmitrievsky, A. (2014). Process for Generating Hydrogen. (8763697 B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Gates, I., and Davidson, S. (2017). In-Situ Process to Produce Hydrogen from Underground Hydrocarbon Reservoirs. (WO 2017\/136924 Al), Patent."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Surguchev, L., and Berenblyum, B. (2014, January 22\u201324). In-situ H2 generation from hydrocarbons and CO2 storage in the reservoir. Proceedings of the Fourth EAGE CO2 Geological Storage Workshop, Stavanger, Norway.","DOI":"10.3997\/2214-4609.20140132"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1023\/B:CATL.0000023714.69741.1d","article-title":"Carbon formation thresholds and catalyst deactivation during CH4 decomposition on supported Co and Ni catalysts","volume":"95","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Catal. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12460","DOI":"10.1021\/ie201194z","article-title":"Reaction and Deactivation Rates of Methane Catalytic Cracking over Nickel","volume":"50","author":"Amin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Gazprom Export (2018, December 18). Blue Fuel-Gazprom Export Global Newsletter. 48. Available online: http:\/\/www.gazpromexport.ru\/files\/BLUE_FUEL_48326.pdf."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, B., and Wood, A.D. (2018). Chapter 9: Formation Damage by Thermal Methods Applied to Heavy Oil Reservoirs. Formation Damage during Improved Oil Recovery: Fundamentals and Applications, Elsevier Inc.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813782-6.00001-4"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, T., and Meehan, D.N. (2012). Chapter 6: Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery. Advanced Reservoir Management and Engineering, Elsevier Inc.. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385548-0.00006-3"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Espitalie, J., and Bordenave, M.L. (1993). Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Applied Petroleum Geochemistry, Technip."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"23","article-title":"Petroleum evaluation by using the petroleum evaluation workstation (a Rock-Eval connected with computer)","volume":"1","author":"Espitalie","year":"1994","journal-title":"Geol. Oil Gas"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2017.01.089","article-title":"In-situ upgrading of reservoir oils by in-situ preparation of NiO nanoparticles in thermal enhanced oil recovery processes","volume":"520","author":"Hosseinpour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2007.01.031","article-title":"Thermal decomposition of nickel nitrate hexahydrate, Ni(NO3)2\u00b76H2O, in comparison to Co(NO3)2\u00b76H2O and Ca(NO3)2\u00b74H2O","volume":"456","author":"Brockner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-014-4262-9","article-title":"Thermal decomposition of d-metal nitrates supported on alumina","volume":"119","author":"Drozdz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2013.03.014","article-title":"Reduction kinetics of nickel oxide by methane as reducing agent based on thermogravimetry","volume":"561","author":"Rashidi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21513","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.9b04506","article-title":"Kinetics and Mechanism of Nickel Oxide Reduction by Methane","volume":"123","author":"Kharatyan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0121080","article-title":"Experimental and theoretical studies on the reaction of H2 with NiO: Role of O vacancies and mechanism for oxide reduction","volume":"124","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2893","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-012-7001-2","article-title":"Reduction of nickel oxide particles by hydrogen studied in an environmental TEM","volume":"48","author":"Jeangros","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/S1385-8947(00)00367-3","article-title":"The kinetics of methane steam reforming over a Ni\/\u03b1-Al2O catalyst","volume":"82","author":"Hou","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1002\/aic.690350109","article-title":"Methane Steam Reforming, Methanation and Water-Gas Shift: 1. Intrinsic Kinetics","volume":"35","author":"Xu","year":"1989","journal-title":"AIChE J."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Glushko, V.P., Gurvich, L.V., Weitz, I.V., Medvedev, V.A., Hachkuruzov, G.A., Jungmann, V.S., Bergman, G.F., Baibuz, V.F., and Iorish, V.S. (1979). Thermodynamic Properties of Substances in 6 Volumes, Nauka."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Zhavoronkov, N.M., Kisil, I.M., Olevskiy, V.M., and Kharlamov, V.V. (1986). Nitrogenman\u2019s Handbook, Khimia. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2003.08.009","article-title":"Steam reforming of methane over nickel catalysts at low reaction temperature","volume":"258","author":"Matsumura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2015.10.021","article-title":"Ni\/TiO2 for low temperature steam reforming of methane","volume":"140","author":"Kho","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11144-011-0406-0","article-title":"Supported nickel catalysts for low temperature methane steam reforming: Comparison between metal additives and support modification","volume":"105","author":"Dan","year":"2012","journal-title":"React. Kinet. Mech. Catal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lai, G.H., Lak, J.H., and Tsai, D.H. (2019). Hydrogen Production via Low-Temperature Steam-Methane Reforming Using Ni-CeO2-Al2O3 Hybrid Nanoparticle Clusters as Catalysts. ACS Appl. Energy Mater.","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.9b01444"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khzouz, M., and Gkanas, E.I. (2018). Experimental and numerical study of low temperature methane steam reforming for hydrogen production. Catalysts, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal8010005"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Figueiredo, J.L. (1982). Sulfur poisoning. Progress in Catalyst Deactivation. NATO Advanced Study Institutes Series, Martinus Nijhoff Publisher."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/03719553.2015.1118213","article-title":"Thermal decomposition behaviour and kinetics of Xinjiang siderite ore","volume":"125","author":"Luo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. Inst. Min. Metall. Sect. C Miner. Process. Extr. Metall."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-6031(84)85014-5","article-title":"The decomposition of anhydrous carbonate minerals in coal and oil shale ashes produced at temperatures of 400 and 575 C","volume":"75","author":"Warne","year":"1984","journal-title":"Thermochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2019.06.017","article-title":"Catalytic effect of water on calcium carbonate decomposition","volume":"33","author":"Giammaria","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/16\/5121\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:47:20Z","timestamp":1760165240000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/14\/16\/5121"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["en14165121"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en14165121","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,19]]}}}