{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T11:20:43Z","timestamp":1782472843547,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["857586"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["857586"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This review paper examines the key barriers to using green ammonia as an alternative fuel in maritime industry. A literature survey is performed based on research articles and grey literature, with the aim of discussing the technoeconomic problems with and benefits of ammonia and the relevant technologies. The limitations of ammonia as a maritime fuel and its supply chain, the expected percentage demand by 2030 and 2050, its economic performance compared to other shipping fuels such as hydrogen, and the current regulations that may impact ammonia as a maritime fuel are discussed. There are several key barriers to ammonia\u2019s wide adoption: (1) High production costs, due to the high capital costs associated with ammonia\u2019s supply chain; (2) availability, specifically the limited geographical locations available for ammonia bunkering; (3) the challenge of ramping up current ammonia production; and (4) the development of ammonia-specific regulations addressing issues such as toxicity, safety, and storage. The general challenges involved with blue ammonia are the large energy penalty and associated operational costs, and a lack of technical expertise on its use. Regardless of the origin, for ammonia to be truly zero-carbon its whole lifecycle must be considered\u2014a key challenge that will aid in the debate about whether ammonia holds promise as a zero-carbon maritime fuel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15041453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T20:26:41Z","timestamp":1645043201000},"page":"1453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["A Review of the Latest Trends in the Use of Green Ammonia as an Energy Carrier in Maritime Industry"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4580-0525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"George","family":"Mallouppas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Offshore Science, Technology, and Engineering Centre, Cyprus Marine and Maritime Institute, Larnaca 6023, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Constantina","family":"Ioannou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Offshore Science, Technology, and Engineering Centre, Cyprus Marine and Maritime Institute, Larnaca 6023, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elias Ar.","family":"Yfantis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine and Offshore Science, Technology, and Engineering Centre, Cyprus Marine and Maritime Institute, Larnaca 6023, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Energy Transitions Commission (2020). 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