{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T06:34:52Z","timestamp":1781246092319,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646092800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photovoltaic technology has become a huge industry, based on the enormous applications for solar cells. In the 19th century, when photoelectric experiences started to be conducted, it would be unexpected that these optoelectronic devices would act as an essential energy source, fighting the ecological footprint brought by non-renewable sources, since the industrial revolution. Renewable energy, where photovoltaic technology has an important role, is present in 3 out of 17 United Nations 2030 goals. However, this path cannot be taken without industry and research innovation. This article aims to review and summarise all the meaningful milestones from photovoltaics history. Additionally, an extended review of the advantages and disadvantages among different technologies is done. Photovoltaics fundamentals are also presented from the photoelectric effect on a p-n junction to the electrical performance characterisation and modelling. Cells\u2019 performance under unusual conditions are summarised, such as due to temperature variation or shading. Finally, some applications are presented and some project feasibility indicators are analysed. Thus, the review presented in this article aims to clarify to readers noteworthy milestones in photovoltaics history, summarise its fundamentals and remarkable applications to catch the attention of new researchers for this interesting field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en15051823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T08:17:03Z","timestamp":1646122623000},"page":"1823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":143,"title":["A Photovoltaic Technology Review: History, Fundamentals and Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4457-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo A.","family":"Marques Lameirinhas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1719-197X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo N.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Academia Militar\/CINAMIL, Av. Conde Castro Guimar\u00e3es, 2720-113 Amadora, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5772-2763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o P.","family":"de Melo Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andreev, V.M., McEvoy, A., Markvart, T., and Casta\u00f1er, L. (2012). GaAs and High-Efficiency Space Cells. Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385934-1.00012-X"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2021, November 30). Breve Hist\u00f3ria da Energia Solar. 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