{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:33:14Z","timestamp":1781670794640,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"Polish-Norwegian project CO2-Enhanced Geothermal Systems for Climate Neutral Energy Supply, acronym EnerGizerS","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NOR\/POLNOR\/EnerGizerS\/0036\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOR\/POLNOR\/EnerGizerS\/0036\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Norway Grants 2014\u20132021 via the National Centre for Research and Development","award":["NOR\/POLNOR\/EnerGizerS\/0036\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOR\/POLNOR\/EnerGizerS\/0036\/2019"]}]},{"name":"Excellence Initiative\u2014Research University for the AGH University of Krakow","award":["NOR\/POLNOR\/EnerGizerS\/0036\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NOR\/POLNOR\/EnerGizerS\/0036\/2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2)-enhanced geothermal systems (EGSs) in Poland, focusing on their energetic performance through process modeling and optimization. EGSs harness the potential of geothermal energy by utilizing supercritical carbon dioxide as the working fluid, offering promising avenues for sustainable power generation. This study investigates two distinct configurations of sCO2-EGS: one dedicated to power generation via a binary system with an organic Rankine cycle and the other for combined power and heat production through a direct sCO2 cycle. Through accurate process modeling and simulation, key parameters influencing system efficiency and performance are identified and optimized. The analysis integrates thermodynamic principles with geological and operational constraints specific to the Polish context. The results highlight the potential of sCO2-EGSs to contribute to the country\u2019s energy transition, offering insights into the optimal design and operation of such systems for maximizing both power and thermal output while ensuring economic viability and environmental sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en17153769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T10:34:43Z","timestamp":1722422083000},"page":"3769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Process Modeling and Optimization of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide-Enhanced Geothermal Systems in Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0219-6580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"G\u0142adysz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6341-9218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leszek","family":"Paj\u0105k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4730-2394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Trond","family":"Andresen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SINTEF Energy Research, 7034 Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8349-0954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Strojny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1384-3763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Sowi\u017cd\u017ca\u0142","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krakow, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ngib.2023.01.011","article-title":"Research Status and Development Trend of Key Technologies for Enhanced Geothermal Systems","volume":"10","author":"Gong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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