{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T07:29:05Z","timestamp":1782113345996,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"French National Agency for Research through the COSMAC project","award":["ANR-22-CE05-0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-22-CE05-0013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper provides a comprehensive review of hybrid energy systems (HESs), focusing on their challenges, optimization techniques, and control strategies to enhance performance, reliability, and sustainability across various applications, such as microgrids (MGs), commercial buildings, healthcare facilities, and cruise ships. The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs), including solar photovoltaics (PVs), with enabling technologies such as fuel cells (FCs), batteries (BTs), and energy storage systems (ESSs) plays a critical role in improving energy management, reducing emissions, and increasing economic viability. This review highlights advancements in multi-objective optimization techniques, real-time energy management, and sophisticated control strategies that have significantly contributed to reducing fuel consumption, operational costs, and environmental impact. However, key challenges remain, including the scalability of optimization techniques, sensitivity to system parameter variations, and limited incorporation of user behavior, grid dynamics, and life cycle carbon emissions. The review underlines the need for robust, adaptable control strategies capable of accommodating rapidly changing energy environments, as well as the importance of life cycle assessments to ensure the long-term sustainability of RES technologies. Future research directions emphasize the integration of variable RESs, advanced scheduling, and the application of emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain to improve system resilience and efficiency. This paper introduces a novel classification framework, distinct from existing taxonomies, addressing gaps in prior reviews by incorporating emerging technologies and focusing on the dynamic nature of energy management in hybrid systems. It also advocates for bridging the gap between theoretical advancements and real-world implementation to promote the development of more sustainable and reliable HESs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en18102612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T05:37:13Z","timestamp":1747633033000},"page":"2612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Comprehensive Review of Hybrid Energy Systems: Challenges, Applications, and Optimization Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1012-7403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aqib","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Smart Systems and Energies, JUNIA\u2014Grande \u00c9cole d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Univ. Lille, CNRS, Polytech Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2224-1799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Bressel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, CNRS, Polytech Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3994-6656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnaud","family":"Davigny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Smart Systems and Energies, JUNIA\u2014Grande \u00c9cole d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Univ. Lille, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, Centrale Lille, Junia, ULR 2697\u2013L2EP, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0293-0186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dhaker","family":"Abbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Smart Systems and Energies, JUNIA\u2014Grande \u00c9cole d\u2019Ing\u00e9nieurs, F-59000 Lille, France"},{"name":"Univ. Lille, Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology, Centrale Lille, Junia, ULR 2697\u2013L2EP, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7905-0734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belkacem","family":"Ould Bouamama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, CNRS, Polytech Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Investment Bank (2019). EIB Energy Lending Policy: Supporting the Energy Transformation, European Investment Bank. Available online: https:\/\/www.eib.org\/en\/publications\/eib-energy-lending-policy."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.112027","article-title":"A review on recent sizing methodologies of hybrid renewable energy systems","volume":"199","author":"Lian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.110567","article-title":"Towards standalone commercial buildings in the Mediterranean climate using a hybrid metal hydride and battery energy storage system","volume":"96","author":"Abdolmaleki","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Build. Eng."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trpro.2025.03.084","article-title":"Smart and Resilient Microgrid for EV Mobility and Commercial Applications with Demand Response","volume":"84","author":"Elkadeem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Procedia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.12.174","article-title":"Techno-economic assessment of fuel cell-based power backup system as an alternative to diesel generators in Nepal: A case study for hospital applications","volume":"56","author":"Ghimire","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murtza Qamar, H.G., Guo, X., Seif Ghith, E., Tlija, M., and Siddique, A. (2025). Assessment of energy management and power quality improvement of hydrogen based microgrid system through novel PSO-MWWO technique. Sci. Rep., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78153-4"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csite.2019.100497","article-title":"Hybrid solar PV\/PEM fuel Cell\/Diesel Generator power system for cruise ship: A case study in Stockholm, Sweden","volume":"14","author":"Ghenai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Case Stud. Therm. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.07.022","article-title":"Fuzzy logic based energy management strategy for commercial buildings integrating photovoltaic and storage systems","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.125578","article-title":"Design, and optimization of COVID-19 hospital wards to produce Oxygen and electricity through solar PV panels with hydrogen storage systems by neural network-genetic algorithm","volume":"263","author":"Izadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.01.019","article-title":"Modelling and performance analysis of a stand-alone hybrid solar PV\/Fuel Cell\/Diesel Generator power system for university building","volume":"171","author":"Ghenai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garip, S., and Ozdemir, S. (2022). Optimization of PV and Battery Energy Storage Size in Grid-Connected Microgrid. Appl. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/app12168247"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2018.12.025","article-title":"Grid-Tied Solar PV\/Fuel Cell Hybrid Power System for University Building","volume":"159","author":"Ghenai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.122825","article-title":"Multiobjective optimisation of hybrid wind-PV-battery-fuel cell-electrolyser-diesel systems: An integrated configuration-size formulation approach","volume":"241","author":"Maheri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2581","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2020.0102","article-title":"Joint optimisation of sizing and fuzzy logic power management of a hybrid storage system considering economic reliability indices","volume":"14","author":"Krim","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Renew. Power Gener."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187276","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2020.3030874","article-title":"Novel Manta Rays Foraging Optimization Algorithm Based Optimal Control for Grid-Connected PV Energy System","volume":"8","author":"Alturki","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012001","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/322\/1\/012001","article-title":"An Energy Management System for Hybrid Energy Sources-based Stand-alone Marine Microgrid","volume":"322","author":"Zia","year":"2019","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.07.053","article-title":"Optimisation of energy management in commercial buildings with weather forecasting inputs: A review","volume":"39","author":"Lazos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giampaolo, C., Eleonora, C., Demetrio, M.F., Andrea, L., Matteo, M., and Marco, M. (2021, January 14\u201316). Renewable Energy Communities in Valle d\u2019Aosta Region: Development perspectives. Proceedings of the 2021 IEEE 15th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG), Florence, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/CPE-POWERENG50821.2021.9501172"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112213","article-title":"A comprehensive review of stationary energy storage devices for large scale renewable energy sources grid integration","volume":"159","author":"Kebede","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worku, M.Y. (2022). Recent Advances in Energy Storage Systems for Renewable Source Grid Integration: A Comprehensive Review. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14105985"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.11.011","article-title":"Optimum design of hybrid renewable energy systems: Overview of different approaches","volume":"16","author":"Erdinc","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.07.187","article-title":"A review on hybrid renewable energy systems","volume":"52","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2006.08.016","article-title":"Integrating distributed generation into electric power systems: A review of drivers, challenges and opportunities","volume":"77","author":"Lopes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.07.015","article-title":"Strategies, current status, problems of energy and perspectives of Yemen\u2019s renewable energy solutions","volume":"82","author":"Rawea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2020.106877","article-title":"An Overview of Optimization Approaches for Operation of Hybrid Distributed Energy Systems with Photovoltaic and Diesel Turbine Generator","volume":"191","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102391","article-title":"Sustainable energy planning for cost minimization of autonomous hybrid microgrid using combined multi-objective optimization algorithm","volume":"62","author":"Haidar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.04.025","article-title":"Computational optimization techniques applied to microgrids planning: A review","volume":"48","author":"Gamarra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1109\/TASE.2016.2645761","article-title":"Operation and Design Optimization of Microgrids with Renewables","volume":"14","author":"Yan","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2022.100899","article-title":"Role of optimization techniques in microgrid energy management systems\u2014A review","volume":"43","author":"Thirunavukkarasu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.3390\/en7042027","article-title":"Stochastic Modeling and Optimization in a Microgrid: A Survey","volume":"7","author":"Liang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2022.106840","article-title":"A comprehensive review of urban mining and the value recovery from e-waste materials","volume":"190","author":"Xavier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciacci, L., and Passarini, F. (2020). Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Environmental and Energy Systems. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13225892"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motuzien\u0117, V., \u010ciuprinskas, K., Rogo\u017ea, A., and Lapinskien\u0117, V. (2022). A Review of the Life Cycle Analysis Results for Different Energy Conversion Technologies. Energies, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/en15228488"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portillo, F., Alcayde, A., Garcia, R.M., Fernandez-Ros, M., Gazquez, J.A., and Novas, N. (2024). Life Cycle Assessment in Renewable Energy: Solar and Wind Perspectives. Environments, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.0148.v1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2013.10.030","article-title":"Combining life cycle costing and life cycle assessment for an analysis of a new residential district energy system design","volume":"63","author":"Heinonen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsci.2018.05.018","article-title":"Environmental sustainable decision making\u2014The need and obstacles for integration of LCA into decision analysis","volume":"87","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Policy"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.06.036","article-title":"The levelized cost of energy and modifications for use in electricity generation planning","volume":"9","author":"Kabeyi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-023-01587-1","article-title":"Social, environmental, and economic consequences of integrating renewable energies in the electricity sector: A review","volume":"21","author":"Farghali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"(2025, March 24). Projected Costs of Generating Electricity 2020\u2014Analysis. Available online: https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/projected-costs-of-generating-electricity-2020."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prime.2023.100239","article-title":"Design, control, reliability, economic and energy management of microgrid: A review","volume":"5","author":"Khare","year":"2023","journal-title":"E-Prime\u2014Adv. Electr. Eng. Electron. Energy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s43067-024-00188-4","article-title":"A comprehensive review of microgrid challenges in architectures, mitigation approaches, and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Punitha","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Electr. Syst. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88942","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2021.3090266","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of Microgrid Control Mechanism and Impact Assessment for Hybrid Renewable Energy Integration","volume":"9","author":"Bihari","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.51646\/jsesd.v14i1.382","article-title":"Comprehensive Review on Challenges of Integration of Renewable Energy Systems into Microgrid","volume":"14","author":"Almihat","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sol. Energy Sustain. Dev. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, K., Wang, T., Han, C., Xie, J., Ma, Y., and Peng, R. (2021). A Review of Optimization of Microgrid Operation. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14102842"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2023.02.031","article-title":"Green hydrogen based off-grid and on-grid hybrid energy systems","volume":"48","author":"Ceylan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Colombo, E., Bologna, S., and Masera, D. (2013). Distributed Generation for Access to Electricity: \u201cOff-Main-Grid\u201d Systems from Home-Based to Microgrid. Renewable Energy for Unleashing Sustainable Development: Blending Technology, Finance and Policy in Low and Middle Income Economies, Springer International Publishing."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.05.027","article-title":"A review of optimization approaches for hybrid distributed energy generation systems: Off-grid and grid-connected systems","volume":"41","author":"Twaha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2024.121103","article-title":"Enhancing on-grid renewable energy systems: Optimal configuration and diverse design strategies","volume":"235","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlKassem, A., Draou, A., Alamri, A., and Alharbi, H. (2022). Design Analysis of an Optimal Microgrid System for the Integration of Renewable Energy Sources at a University Campus. Sustainability, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/su14074175"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tabora, J.M., Paix\u00e3o J\u00fanior, U.C., Rodrigues, C.E.M., Bezerra, U.H., Tostes, M.E.d.L., Albuquerque, B.S.d., Matos, E.O.d., and Nascimento, A.A.d. (2021). Hybrid System Assessment in On-Grid and Off-Grid Conditions: A Technical and Economical Approach. Energies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/en14175284"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102178","article-title":"Multi-objective optimization of grid-connected PV-wind hybrid system considering reliability, cost, and environmental aspects","volume":"60","author":"Barakat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain. Cities Soc."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.127812","article-title":"A concept to maximise energy self-sufficiency of the housing stock in central Europe based on renewable resources and efficiency improvement","volume":"278","author":"Biskupski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2019.02.020","article-title":"Demand response algorithms for smart-grid ready residential buildings using machine learning models","volume":"239","author":"Pallonetto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.05.028","article-title":"Recent advancement in demand side energy management system for optimal energy utilization","volume":"11","author":"Nebey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.08.035","article-title":"A review of generation dispatch with large-scale photovoltaic systems","volume":"81","author":"Nghitevelekwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-019-09695-7","article-title":"Multi-agent system for microgrids: Design, optimization and performance","volume":"53","author":"Tazi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Rev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2021.120304","article-title":"On the use of dynamic programming for optimal energy management of grid-connected reversible solid oxide cell-based renewable microgrids","volume":"225","author":"Vitale","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Y., Sheng, S., Anglani, N., and Lehman, B. (2019, January 17\u201321). Economically Optimal Power Flow Management of Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Microgrid Based on Dynamic Programming Algorithm and Grid I\/O Strategy for Different Weather Scenarios. Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Anaheim, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/APEC.2019.8722264"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111036","article-title":"A review of hybrid renewable energy systems in mini-grids for off-grid electrification in developing countries","volume":"144","author":"Nhumaio","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2023.120706","article-title":"Economic analysis of energy communities: Investment options and cost allocation","volume":"336","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2023.109182","article-title":"Comprehensive review on control schemes and stability investigation of hybrid AC-DC microgrid","volume":"218","author":"Jain","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4907","DOI":"10.1049\/gtd2.13018","article-title":"The nexus of energy in microgrids: A review on communication barriers in distributed networks auxiliary controls","volume":"17","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112127","article-title":"Reliability aspects in microgrid design and planning: Status and power electronics-induced challenges","volume":"159","author":"Sandelic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1109\/COMST.2020.3023963","article-title":"Distributed Control and Communication Strategies in Networked Microgrids","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115094","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2024.115094","article-title":"An interdisciplinary literature review of floating solar power plants","volume":"209","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalid, M. (2019). A Review on the Selected Applications of Battery-Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Microgrids. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12234559"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-rpg.2016.0500","article-title":"Battery-supercapacitor hybrid energy storage system in standalone DC microgrids: Areview","volume":"11","author":"Jing","year":"2017","journal-title":"IET Renew. Power Gener."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25897","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2017.2767618","article-title":"An Innovative Hybrid Wind-Solar and Battery-Supercapacitor Microgrid System\u2014Development and Optimization","volume":"5","author":"Akram","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160363","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2951029","article-title":"Modeling, Control, and Simulation of a New Topology of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems in Microgrids","volume":"7","author":"Saleh","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.2973409","article-title":"Control Strategy for Battery\/Flywheel Hybrid Energy Storage in Electric Shipboard Microgrids","volume":"17","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1109\/TSG.2012.2212468","article-title":"Flywheel Energy Storage Systems for Ride-through Applications in a Facility Microgrid","volume":"3","author":"Arghandeh","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Smart Grid"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.11.166","article-title":"Review of Flywheel Energy Storage Systems structures and applications in power systems and microgrids","volume":"69","author":"Arani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2022.07.108","article-title":"Sizing of a fuel cell\u2013battery backup system for a university building based on the probability of the power outages length","volume":"8","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2022.02.231","article-title":"Optimal heuristic economic management strategy for microgrids based PEM fuel cells","volume":"52","author":"Ferahtia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segan.2022.100909","article-title":"Fuzzy logic-based energy management system for grid-connected residential DC microgrids with multi-stack fuel cell systems: A multi-objective approach","volume":"32","author":"Vivas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Grids Netw."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.2015.2499287","article-title":"Optimized Resource Management for PV\u2013Fuel-Cell-Based Microgrids Using Load Characterizations","volume":"52","author":"Cingoz","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112093","article-title":"Energy management system for a hybrid PV-Wind-Tidal-Battery-based islanded DC microgrid: Modeling and experimental validation","volume":"159","author":"Zia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.108541","article-title":"Optimal sizing and lifetime investigation of second life lithium-ion battery for grid-scale stationary application","volume":"72","author":"Kebede","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2022.07.025","article-title":"Stochastic dynamic programming based optimal energy scheduling for a hybrid fuel cell\/PV\/battery system under uncertainty","volume":"165","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121684","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2022.3217771","article-title":"Hybrid Sources Powered Electric Vehicle Configuration and Integrated Optimal Power Management Strategy","volume":"10","author":"Gautam","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anti\u0107, M.G., Capuder, T., and Medved, T. (2024, January 14\u201317). Bridging the gap between theory and practice in local energy sharing\u2014Energy communities in Croatia. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe (ISGT EUROPE), Dubrovnik, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGTEUROPE62998.2024.10863780"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"121","article-title":"Hybrid renewable energy supply for rural healthcare facilities: An approach to quality healthcare delivery","volume":"30","author":"Olatomiwa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1002\/ese3.314","article-title":"Off-grid hybrid renewable energy system for rural healthcare centers: A case study in Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Babatunde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karthick, A., Chinnaiyan, V.K., Karpagam, J., Chandrika, V., and Kumar, P.R. (2021). Optimization of PV-Wind Hybrid Renewable Energy System for Health Care Buildings in Smart City. Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.. Chapter 8.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119555667.ch8"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rey, J., Segura, F., And\u00fajar, J.M., and Ferrario, A.M. (2023). The Economic Impact and Carbon Footprint Dependence of Energy Management Strategies in Hydrogen-Based Microgrids. Electronics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics12173703"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1007\/s10951-021-00700-y","article-title":"Stand-alone renewable power system scheduling for a green data center using integer linear programming","volume":"24","author":"Haddad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Sched."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100074","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fraope.2024.100074","article-title":"Optimal sizing and performance analysis of hybrid microgrid for remote island of developing country: Effect of sustainable parameters, benefits and installation barriers","volume":"6","author":"Akter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frankl. Open"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.04.155","article-title":"Model construction and energy management system of lithium battery, PV generator, hydrogen production unit and fuel cell in islanded AC microgrid","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, S., Chae, S., Neely, J., Baek, J., and Cook, M. (2017). Efficient Model Predictive Control Strategies for Resource Management in an Islanded Microgrid. Energies, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/en10071008"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badamshina, S., Klokov, A., and Loktionov, E. (March, January 29). Case Study of Microgeneration for Power Supply in Remote Island Communities. Proceedings of the 2024 6th International Youth Conference on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE), Moscow, Russia.","DOI":"10.1109\/REEPE60449.2024.10479866"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, M., Vasquez, J.C., Guerrero, J.M., Guan, Y., and Bazmohammadi, N. (2024, January 17\u201320). Microgrid an Energy Solution for Remote Islanded Communities in Indonesia. Proceedings of the 2024 IEEE 10th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC2024-ECCE Asia), Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IPEMC-ECCEAsia60879.2024.10567531"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2016.05.053","article-title":"Novel comparison study between the hybrid renewable energy systems on land and on ship","volume":"63","author":"Diab","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2019.01.052","article-title":"Zero-emission casting-off and docking maneuvers for series hybrid excursion ships","volume":"184","author":"Lhomme","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5430","DOI":"10.1109\/TII.2020.3027808","article-title":"Stochastic Model Predictive Energy Management in Hybrid Emission-Free Modern Maritime Vessels","volume":"17","author":"Banaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2018.06.092","article-title":"A novel optimal energy-management strategy for a maritime hybrid energy system based on large-scale global optimization","volume":"228","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2021.04.030","article-title":"Analysis of nuclear-renewable hybrid energy system for marine ships","volume":"7","author":"Gabbar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127397","article-title":"Hybrid renewable energy system optimum design and smart dispatch for nearly Zero Energy Ports","volume":"310","author":"Sifakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S0019-9958(65)90241-X","article-title":"Fuzzy sets","volume":"8","author":"Zadeh","year":"1965","journal-title":"Inf. Control"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2022.123447","article-title":"Optimal adaptive fuzzy management strategy for fuel cell-based DC microgrid","volume":"247","author":"Fathy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Satapathy, S.C., Bhateja, V., and Das, S. (2018). Power Energy Management for Grid-Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy System in Yemen Using Fuzzy Logic. Smart Computing and Informatics, Springer."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2020.07.258","article-title":"Optimal economic study of hybrid PV-wind-fuel cell system integrated to unreliable electric utility using hybrid search optimization technique","volume":"46","author":"Samy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4285","DOI":"10.1049\/iet-gtd.2020.0453","article-title":"Review on the state-of-the-art multi-objective optimisation of hybrid standalone\/grid-connected energy systems","volume":"14","author":"Khezri","year":"2020","journal-title":"IET Gener. Transm. Distrib."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1177\/0958305X18768130","article-title":"Optimally sized design of a wind\/photovoltaic\/fuel cell off-grid hybrid energy system by modified-gray wolf optimization algorithm","volume":"29","author":"Barenji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2023.109346","article-title":"Operating strategy for grid-connected solar-wind-battery hybrid systems using improved grey wolf optimization","volume":"220","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z., Wu, Q., Huang, S., and Zhao, H. (2017, January 18\u201322). Transactive energy: A review of state of the art and implementation. Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Manchester PowerTech, Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/PTC.2017.7980892"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2023.113161","article-title":"Energy management in microgrids using transactive energy control concept under high penetration of Renewables; A survey and case study","volume":"176","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2020.102242","article-title":"Distributed optimization of energy profiles to improve photovoltaic self-consumption on a local energy community","volume":"108","author":"Stephant","year":"2021","journal-title":"Simul. Model. Pract. Theory"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184797902110329","DOI":"10.1177\/18479790211032920","article-title":"Energy management in the smart grid: State-of-the-art and future trends","volume":"13","author":"Meliani","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Bus. Manag."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.120405","article-title":"Distributed operation optimization of active distribution network with P2P electricity trading in blockchain environment","volume":"331","author":"Ruan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2023.118017","article-title":"Medium- and long-term optimal operation of a hybrid energy system enhanced by cascade hydropower energy storage system","volume":"301","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2024.123127","article-title":"Stochastic optimization of system configurations and operation of hybrid cascade hydro-wind-photovoltaic with battery for uncertain medium- and long-term load growth","volume":"364","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.115216","article-title":"Genetic algorithm-based multi-objective optimisation for energy-efficient building retrofitting: A systematic review","volume":"328","author":"Alexakis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy Build."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2019.03.131","article-title":"Techno-economic assessment of a stand-alone hybrid solar-wind-battery system for a remote island using genetic algorithm","volume":"176","author":"Javed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shengren, H., Salazar, E.M., Vergara, P.P., and Palensky, P. (2022, January 10\u201312). Performance Comparison of Deep RL Algorithms for Energy Systems Optimal Scheduling. Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Conference Europe (ISGT-Europe), Novi Sad, Serbia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISGT-Europe54678.2022.9960642"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2024.114648","article-title":"An overview of reinforcement learning-based approaches for smart home energy management systems with energy storages","volume":"202","author":"Pinthurat","year":"2024","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gendreau, M., and Potvin, J.Y. (2019). Simulated Annealing: From Basics to Applications. Handbook of Metaheuristics, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91086-4"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2018.08.112","article-title":"Optimization with a simulated annealing algorithm of a hybrid system for renewable energy including battery and hydrogen storage","volume":"163","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"100512","article-title":"Building energy performance metamodels for district energy management optimisation platforms","volume":"21","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Convers. Manag. X"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.101815","article-title":"Simulation-based multi-objective genetic optimization for promoting energy efficiency and thermal comfort in existing buildings of hot climate","volume":"21","author":"Abdeen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, X.S. (2019). 3\u2014Optimization algorithms. Introduction to Algorithms for Data Mining and Machine Learning, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-817216-2.00010-7"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zulu, E., Hara, R., and Kita, H. (2023). An Efficient Hybrid Particle Swarm and Gradient Descent Method for the Estimation of the Hosting Capacity of Photovoltaics by Distribution Networks. Energies, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/en16135207"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2009.11.011","article-title":"Simplified Newton\u2013Raphson power-flow solution method","volume":"32","author":"Kulworawanichpong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2023.101127","article-title":"Microgrids: A review, outstanding issues and future trends","volume":"49","author":"Uddin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.esr.2024.101299","article-title":"Smart grids and renewable energy systems: Perspectives and grid integration challenges","volume":"51","author":"Khalid","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Strategy Rev."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.segan.2024.101452","article-title":"Revolutionizing smart grid-ready management systems: A holistic framework for optimal grid reliability","volume":"39","author":"Ledmaoui","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Energy Grids Netw."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vijay, A., Afzal, W., Tariq, M., Mustafa, A., and Shahzad, A. (2022, January 24\u201326). Review of Power Generation Optimization Algorithms: Challenges and its Applications. Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Augmented Intelligence and Sustainable Systems (ICAISS), Trichy, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICAISS55157.2022.10010965"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samuel, O., Javaid, N., Ashraf, M., Ishmanov, F., Afzal, M.K., and Khan, Z.A. (2018). Jaya based Optimization Method with High Dispatchable Distributed Generation for Residential Microgrid. Energies, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/en11061513"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2021.118487","article-title":"Coordinated management of centralized and distributed generation in an integrated energy system using a multi-agent approach","volume":"309","author":"Stennikov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl. Energy"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e27489","article-title":"A review of constraints and adjustable parameters in microgrids for cost and carbon dioxide emission reduction","volume":"10","author":"Hoummadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3390\/jcp3040031","article-title":"Cyberattacks in Smart Grids: Challenges and Solving the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making for Cybersecurity Options, Including Ones That Incorporate Artificial Intelligence, Using an Analytical Hierarchy Process","volume":"3","author":"Bouramdane","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cybersecur. Priv."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitehead, D.E., Owens, K., Gammel, D., and Smith, J. (2017, January 3\u20136). Ukraine cyber-induced power outage: Analysis and practical mitigation strategies. Proceedings of the 2017 70th Annual Conference for Protective Relay Engineers (CPRE), College Station, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/CPRE.2017.8090056"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jamil, N., Qassim, Q.S., Bohani, F.A., Mansor, M., and Ramachandaramurthy, V.K. (2021). Cybersecurity of Microgrid: State-of-the-Art Review and Possible Directions of Future Research. Appl. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/app11219812"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2023.07.021","article-title":"Technological advancements toward smart energy management in smart cities","volume":"10","author":"Pandiyan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egyr.2024.05.021","article-title":"A comprehensive review of advancements in green IoT for smart grids: Paving the path to sustainability","volume":"11","author":"Pandiyan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Rep."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"European Commission (2024, November 25). Renewable Energy Targets\u2014European Commission. Available online: https:\/\/energy.ec.europa.eu\/topics\/renewable-energy\/renewable-energy-directive-targets-and-rules\/renewable-energy-targets_en."},{"key":"ref_136","unstructured":"California Energy Commission (2024, November 25). 2021 SB 100 Joint Agency Report: Achieving 100 Percent Clean Electricity in California\u2014An Initial Assessment, Available online: https:\/\/www.energy.ca.gov\/publications\/2021\/2021-sb-100-joint-agency-report-achieving-100-percent-clean-electricity."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e31592","article-title":"Blockchain-powered grids: Paving the way for a sustainable and efficient future","volume":"10","author":"Ullah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"}],"container-title":["Energies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/18\/10\/2612\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:34:56Z","timestamp":1760031296000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1996-1073\/18\/10\/2612"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]},"references-count":137,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["en18102612"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/en18102612","relation":{},"ISSN":["1996-1073"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1996-1073","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]]}}}