{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T03:35:55Z","timestamp":1773804955223,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"18","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Romanian National Recovery and Resilience Plan, PNRR-III-C9-2022-I8","award":["CF 48\/14.11.2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF 48\/14.11.2022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Energies"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of green technologies in recent years in the field of wind energy conversion into electricity implies a technology transfer from the static switching field to the energy field. This paper presents a wind turbine simulator using a hardware solution following the energy conversion of a real turbine. We implemented this solution for educational and research purposes to train students in the process of electrical conversion in wind turbines. For the simulation, we chose an E82\/2300 turbine, installed by ENERCON in a nearby geographical area. The turbine has the capacity to generate 2300 kW of electricity into grids. It has a direct coupling structure of the propeller to the generator. The solution is implemented on a multi-processor architecture with analog signal processing. The structure of a wind turbine is divided into three consecutive blocks, namely TUGEN, DCDC4X, and SIN3F. Each block of the simulator is designed with electronic components. The input and output signals of these blocks have similar waveforms to real signals, and their succession is interconditioned by process parameters. The innovation of the proposed solution is provided by software engineering applied to a hardware structure. The ratio between the simulated and real values is 1:60 in order to visualize the signals on a digital oscilloscope, mainly for educational purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/en18184951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T14:10:19Z","timestamp":1758118219000},"page":"4951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Wind Turbine Electric Signals Simulator"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1430-3454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorin","family":"Sintea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cornel","family":"Panait","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogdan","family":"Hnatiuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Tirpan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENERCON Services Carpathians SRL, 011471 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Catalin","family":"Pomazan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0410-0530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mihaela","family":"Hnatiuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Engineering Department, Faculty of Marine Engineering, Constanta Maritime University, 900663 Constanta, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5010","DOI":"10.1109\/TPEL.2013.2283298","article-title":"Control strategy of three-phase battery energy storage systems for frequency support in microgrids and with uninterrupted supply of local loads","volume":"29","author":"Serban","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Power Electron."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2013.10.016","article-title":"Real-time replication of a stand-alone wind energy conversion system: Error analysis","volume":"55","author":"Vlad","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"26","article-title":"Anticipative Control of Low-Power Wind Energy Conversion Systems for Optimal Power Regime","volume":"11","author":"Vlad","year":"2009","journal-title":"Control Eng. Appl. Inform."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlad, C., Burlibasa, A., Paduraru, R., Epure, S., Dache, C., Lungu, C.V., Georgescu, L.P., and Murariu, G. (2018, January 10\u201312). Wind turbine emulation using permanent magnet synchronous generator. Proceedings of the 2018 22nd International Conference on System Theory, Control and Computing (ICSTCC), Sinaia, Romania. 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