{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T19:08:54Z","timestamp":1792609734801,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"United States Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP-C-11-036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP-C-11-036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Environments"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The reliability of passive samplers in measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor air depends on whether the uptake rate is constant given the environmental conditions and sampler exposure duration. The first phase of this study evaluated the performance of charcoal-based, solvent-extracted passive samplers (e.g., Radiello\u00ae 130 passive samplers with white diffusive bodies) over exposure periods ranging from 1 week to 1 year in a test house with known vapor intrusion (VI). Chloroform %Bias values exceeded the \u00b130% acceptance criterion after 4 weeks exposure. Benzene, hexane, and trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations were within the acceptance criterion for up to three months. Toluene and tetrachloroethylene (PCE), the two least volatile compounds, demonstrated uniform uptake rates over one year. In the second phase of this study, testing of the longer exposure times of 6 months and 1 year were evaluated with three additional passive samplers: Waterloo Membrane SamplerTM (WMSTM), SKC 575 with secondary diffusive cover, and Radiello\u00ae 130 passive samplers with yellow diffusive bodies. The SKC 575 and Radiello\u00ae 130 passive samplers produced acceptable results (%Bias \u2264 30%) over the 6-month exposure period, while the WMSTM sampler results favored petroleum hydrocarbon more than chlorinated solvent uptake. After the 1-year exposure period, the passive sampler performances were acceptable under specific conditions of this study. The results suggest that all three samplers can produce acceptable results over exposure time periods beyond 30 days and up to a year for some compounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/environments12080267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,4]],"date-time":"2025-08-04T11:54:51Z","timestamp":1754308491000},"page":"267","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Long-Term Performance of Passive Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Samplers for Indoor Air"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0909-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John H.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Watershed and Ecosystem Characterization Division, Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling (CEMM), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 109 TW Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8202-2630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian","family":"Schumacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystem Processes Division, Center for Environmental Measurement & Modeling (CEMM), Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 960 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5546-2649","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher C.","family":"Lutes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs, 1999 Bryan St., Ste. 1200, Dallas, TX 75201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Cosky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jacobs, 1999 Bryan St., Ste. 1200, Dallas, TX 75201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1925-2665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidi","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eurofins Environment Testing Northern California, LLC, Folsom, CA 95630, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Internal consistence of the new \u201cAnalyst\u201d diffusive sampler: A long-term field test","volume":"12","author":"Bertoni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diffus. Monit."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Brown, V., and Crump, D. (1993, January 27\u201328). Appropriate sampling strategies to characterize VOCs in indoor air using diffusive samplers. Proceedings of the International Conference on VOCs, London, UK."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) (1999). Compendium of Methods for the Determination of Toxic Organic Compounds in Ambient Air, Second Edition, Compendium Method TO-14A: Determination of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Ambient Air Using Specially Prepared Canisters with Subsequent Analysis by Gas Chromatography."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"US EPA (1999). 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Available online: https:\/\/www.siremlab.com\/waterloo-membrane-sampler\/."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Williams, A., and ICS MAUGERI\u2014Centro di Ricerche Ambientali Personal communication."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"US EPA (2006). \u201cMethod 8260D (SW-846): Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry (GC\/MS)\u201d Revision 3."}],"container-title":["Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3298\/12\/8\/267\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:19:56Z","timestamp":1760033996000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3298\/12\/8\/267"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["environments12080267"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/environments12080267","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-3298"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-3298","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]}}}