{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,18]],"date-time":"2025-10-18T00:25:28Z","timestamp":1760747128350,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiologia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vitamin D is essential for women\u2019s health, yet deficiency is widespread among Moroccan premenopausal women. Objectives: This study examined vitamin D intake, dietary sources, determinants, and predictors of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D3] in 355 women aged 18\u201349 years in Meknes, Morocco. Methods: Intake and sun exposure were assessed with validated questionnaires, and serum 25(OH)D3 was measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Multivariable and penalized regression (LASSO) were applied to deseasonalized values. Results: Median intake was 2.89 \u00b5g\/day, and fewer than 20% of participants met the 5 \u00b5g\/day recommendation. Fish (48%), dairy (24.39%), and meat (9.40%) were the main sources. Intake varied by age and residence: women aged 18\u201325 had significantly lower intakes (p = 0.027), while rural women consumed less than urban women (2.73 vs. 3.18 \u00b5g\/day, p = 0.014), with inadequacy in 67.70% vs. 32.30% (p = 0.018). In adjusted regression, quartiles Q2\u2013Q4 (1.76\u201316.60 \u00b5g\/day) were associated with ~+3 ng\/mL higher serum 25(OH)D compared to Q1 (0.20\u20131.76 \u00b5g\/day, p &lt; 0.05). Increments plateaued beyond Q2, and deficiency (&lt;20 ng\/mL) persisted in all quartiles (&gt;59%, including 64% in Q4), reflecting limited sun exposure and high adiposity. Sun exposure was a strong positive predictor (\u03b2 = 0.35, p &lt; 0.001), while BMI was inversely associated (\u03b2 = \u22120.37, p &lt; 0.001). In LASSO, only sun exposure remained, explaining ~3% of variance. Conclusion: In this population, improving sun exposure (\u226520 min\/day) should be prioritized, alongside increasing vitamin D intake through richer food sources and fortification, while also addressing obesity, with a focus on women at risk of deficiency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/epidemiologia6040066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T14:29:17Z","timestamp":1760711357000},"page":"66","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gaps in Vitamin D Intake and Status in Moroccan Women"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Noura","family":"Zouine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FSTE-FSM Joint Laboratory \u201cNatural Resources, Health, and Environment\u201d, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco"},{"name":"Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Professions of Fes-Meknes Annex, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1557-1250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilham","family":"Lhilali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSTE-FSM Joint Laboratory \u201cNatural Resources, Health, and Environment\u201d, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco"},{"name":"Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Professions of Fes-Meknes Annex, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdelhai","family":"Messaoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LREMMALIF\u2014Laboratory for Research in Management, International Logistics Marketing, and Finance, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University\u2014EST, Fez 30000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"El Jaafari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSTE-FSM Joint Laboratory \u201cNatural Resources, Health, and Environment\u201d, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Younes","family":"Filali-Zegzouti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FSTE-FSM Joint Laboratory \u201cNatural Resources, Health, and Environment\u201d, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Ismail University, Meknes 50000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/10408363.2022.2070595","article-title":"Vitamin D: Sources, Physiological Role, Biokinetics, Deficiency, Therapeutic Use, Toxicity, and Overview of Analytical Methods for Detection of Vitamin D and Its Metabolites","volume":"59","author":"Nomura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. 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