{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T13:55:49Z","timestamp":1770818149146,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiologia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted public health in Mexico. Background\/Objectives: This study evaluated its impact on the frequency of vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) from 2020 to 2024. Methods: The analyzed information was extracted from the weekly epidemiological bulletins, which compile the suspected, probable, and confirmed cases reported to the Ministry of Health. The epidemiological behavior of VPDs was analyzed with endemic channels based on 2014\u20132019 data. An endemic channel is a graphical tool that is used to plot a central tendency and its limits; with this tool we can detect the presence of an epidemic and quantify it. Between 2020 and 2024, VPDs presented variable patterns due to the pandemic. Results: Rotavirus cases exhibited an 81% negative deviation in 2020 and a final 47% negative deviation in comparison with the expected values from 2014\u20132019. Chickenpox declined by 91% in 2020, with a partial recovery in reports afterward. Hepatitis A and B declined initially, but hepatitis B surpassed pre-pandemic levels later. Mumps declined by 45% in 2020, with a partial recovery, remaining 35% below expected reports. Meningeal and pulmonary tuberculosis increased by 125% and 33%, respectively. Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and mild cervical dysplasia showed negative deviations, with partial increases later. However, severe dysplasia and in situ cervical cancer reports exceeded expected levels. Conclusions: Overall, several VPDs showed negative deviations, which could increase the size of the susceptible population. In contrast, increases in tuberculosis and HPV infection present a major challenge for health systems, given their chronic and high treatment costs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/epidemiologia7010026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T11:13:15Z","timestamp":1770808395000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in Mexico: A Time Series Analysis (2014\u20132024)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Fernanda","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Batres","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Cuauht\u00e9moc San Luis Potos, Dr. Salvador Nava Mart\u00ednez 3291, Col. Viveros, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6032-3982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Bernal-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma San Luis Potos\u00ed, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, Lomas Los Filtros, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgina Cristina","family":"Delgado-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Cuauht\u00e9moc San Luis Potos, Dr. Salvador Nava Mart\u00ednez 3291, Col. Viveros, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2368-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreu","family":"Comas-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Cuauht\u00e9moc San Luis Potos, Dr. Salvador Nava Mart\u00ednez 3291, Col. Viveros, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78290, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma San Luis Potos\u00ed, Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, Lomas Los Filtros, San Luis Potos\u00ed 78210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.21149\/15360","article-title":"Impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the epidemiological weekly report surveillance system of Mexico","volume":"66","year":"2024","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica (2022). Respuesta de M\u00e9xico Ante La Pandemia de COVID-19 y Proximos Retos. Reflexiones y Recomendaciones, Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica. Available online: https:\/\/www.insp.mx\/resources\/images\/stories\/2023\/docs\/Respuesta_de_Mexico_ante_la_pandemia_de_Covid-19_y.pdf.","DOI":"10.33610\/395536lnnsuk"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Centro Nacional para la Salud de la Infancia y la Adolescencia (2021). Manual de Vacunaci\u00f3n, M\u00e9xico 2021, Secretar\u00eda de Salud, Centro Nacional para la Salud de la Infancia y la Adolescencia."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/414751a","article-title":"Imperfect vaccines and the evolution of pathogen virulence","volume":"414","author":"Gandon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(22)00291-1","article-title":"Precancerous cervical lesions caused by non-vaccine-preventable HPV types after vaccination with the bivalent AS04-adjuvanted HPV vaccine: An analysis of the long-term follow-up study from the Costa Rica HPV Vaccine Trial","volume":"23","author":"Shing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.7774\/cevr.2024.13.3.184","article-title":"The BCG vaccine, advantages, and disadvantages of introducing new generation vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"13","author":"Ari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Vaccine Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.provac.2010.07.005","article-title":"Concepts of herd protection and immunity","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Vaccinol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0236","article-title":"Risk of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases in healthcare settings","volume":"14","author":"Tavoschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Lovo, J. (2021). \u00bfCovid-19: Son las medidas no farmacol\u00f3gicas la respuesta?. Multimed, 25."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e067519","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2021-067519","article-title":"Indirect effects of the covid-19 pandemic on childhood infection in England: Population based observational study","volume":"376","author":"Kadambari","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"338","article-title":"Vaccination coverage and proportion of incomplete vaccination schedule in children under seven years of age in Mexico","volume":"60","year":"2018","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s23","DOI":"10.21149\/14790","article-title":"Cobertura de vacunaci\u00f3n en ni\u00f1os, ni\u00f1as y adolescentes en M\u00e9xico","volume":"65","year":"2023","journal-title":"Salud P\u00fablica M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2021-323630","article-title":"National rates and disparities in childhood vaccination and vaccine-preventable disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: English sentinel network retrospective database study","volume":"107","author":"Hoang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e079550","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-079550","article-title":"Inequalities in uptake of childhood vaccination in England, 2019\u201323: Longitudinal study","volume":"387","author":"Flatt","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2025, October 02). Asociacion Mexicana de Vacunolog\u00eda, Mexico 2025. Available online: https:\/\/vacunacion.org\/old\/ver_entrada\/71-Bajas+coberturas+de+vacunaci%C3%B3n+en+M%C3%A9xico."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Guit\u00e9rrez, J., Rivera-Dommarco, J., Shamah-Levy, T., Oropeza, C., and \u00c1vila, M.H. (2012). Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrici\u00f3n 2012; Resultados Nominales, Instituto Nacional de Salud P\u00fablica."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e360","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00077-7","article-title":"Changes in the incidence of invasive disease due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Neisseria meningitidis during the COVID-19 pandemic in 26 countries and territories in the Invasive Respiratory Infection Surveillance Initiative: A prospective analysis of surveillance data","volume":"3","author":"Brueggemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Digit. Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-023-02638-6","article-title":"Non-pharmaceutical interventions to combat COVID-19 in the Americas described through daily sub-national data","volume":"10","author":"Touchton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"100086","article-title":"Punt Politics as Failure of Health System Stewardship: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic Response in Brazil and Mexico","volume":"4","author":"Knaul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Am."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.focus.2023.100125","article-title":"The Effects of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on COVID-19 Cases, Hospitalizations, and Mortality: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"2","author":"Peters","year":"2023","journal-title":"AJPM Focus"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2024.104894","article-title":"From imprecise \u201cimmune debt\u201d to nuanced \u201cimmune shortage\u201d?","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Now"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Velasco-Hern\u00e1ndez, J., N\u00fa\u00f1ez-L\u00f3pez, M., Comas-Garcia, A., Cherpitel, D.E.N., and Ocampo, M.C. (2015). Superinfection between influenza and RSV alternating patters in San Luis Potos\u00ed State, M\u00e9xico. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115674"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2802.211727","article-title":"Viral interference between respiratory viruses","volume":"28","author":"Piert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70111","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.70111","article-title":"The role of viral interference in shaping RSV epidemics following the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-63654-1","article-title":"Unraveling the role of viral interference in disrupting biennial RSV epidemics in northern Stockholm","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Comm."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2025, October 02). Over Two-Thirds of Africans Exposed to Virus Which Causes COVID-19: WHO Study|WHO|Regional Office for Africa. Available online: https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/news\/over-two-thirds-africans-exposed-virus-which-causes-covid-19-who-study."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oliveira, M.d.S., Carvalho, R.F., Meurer, C.M., Rodrigues, \u00c9.M., Dias, B.P., dos Santos, I.G.C., Nascimento, C.A., Rodrigues, Y.M., dos Santos, A.J.F., and Almeida, K.d.S. (2024). Prevalence, under-reporting, and epidemiological surveillance of COVID-19 in the Aragua\u00edna City of Brazil. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300191"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2021.0197","article-title":"Infectious Disease Underreporting Is Predicted by Country-Level Preparedness, Politics, and Pathogen Severity","volume":"20","author":"Meadows","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Secur."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9540","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-36263-5","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 prevention and control on tuberculosis and scarlet fever in China\u2019s Guizhou","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1478","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818001760","article-title":"Quantifying TB transmission: A systematic review of reproduction number and serial interval estimates for tuberculosis","volume":"146","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1372","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00299-0","article-title":"Economic impact of tuberculosis mortality in 120 countries and the cost of not achieving the Sustainable Development Goals tuberculosis targets: A full-income analysis","volume":"9","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"50","article-title":"Economic Burden of Hepatitis B at Different Stages of the Disease: A Systematic Review Study","volume":"15","author":"Bordbar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15803","article-title":"Mortality in adults with chronic hepatitis B infection in the United States: A population-based study","volume":"52","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2016.06.006","article-title":"Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Impact of Vaccination on Disease","volume":"20","author":"Nelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lappe, B.L., Wikswo, M.E., Kambhampati, A.K., Mirza, S.A., Tate, J.E., Kraay, A.N.M., and Lopman, B.A. (2023). Predicting norovirus and rotavirus resurgence in the United States following the COVID-19 pandemic: A mathematical modelling study. BMC Infect. Dis., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-023-08224-w"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-21-150","article-title":"Rotavirus and adenovirus infections in children during COVID-19 outbreak in Hangzhou, China","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5998","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2022280","article-title":"Transmission dynamics of varicella before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Japan: A modelling study","volume":"19","author":"Suzuki","year":"2022","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng. MBE"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e006204","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-006204","article-title":"Disruption in essential health services in Mexico during COVID-19: An interrupted time series analysis of health information system data","volume":"6","author":"Doubova","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100497","article-title":"Trends in pediatric ambulatory community acquired infections before and during COVID-19 pandemic: A prospective multicentric surveillance study in France","volume":"22","author":"Cohen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00984-3","article-title":"Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1","volume":"398","author":"Galles","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2022.05.074","article-title":"COVID-19 impact on routine immunisations for vaccine-preventable diseases: Projecting the effect of different routes to recovery","volume":"40","author":"Toor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). Second Round of the National Pulse Survey on Continuity of Essential Health Services During the COVID-19 Pandemic, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idnow.2021.05.004","article-title":"Pediatric infectious disease group (GPIP) position paper on the immune debt of the COVID-19 pandemic in childhood, how can we fill the immunity gap?","volume":"51","author":"Cohen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Now"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciae493","article-title":"Cycles of susceptibility: Immunity debt explains altered infectious disease dynamics post-pandemic","volume":"81","author":"Munro","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, E., Wu, V., Wu, K.-H., Wu, K.-C., and Huang, J.-Y. (2024). Immunity debt regarding the aspect of influenza in the Post-COVID-19 era in Taiwan. Viruses, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091468"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114420","article-title":"Surge of pediatric respiratory tract infections after the COVID-19 pandemic and the concept of \u201cimmune debt\u201d","volume":"282","author":"Lenglart","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."}],"container-title":["Epidemiologia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-3986\/7\/1\/26\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T12:00:33Z","timestamp":1770811233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2673-3986\/7\/1\/26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["epidemiologia7010026"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/epidemiologia7010026","relation":{},"ISSN":["2673-3986"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2673-3986","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]}}}