{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T11:10:09Z","timestamp":1779448209748,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The System of Immunological Monitoring as Part of Epidemiological Surveillance for Vaccine-Preventable and Other Relevant Infections","award":["125070207835-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["125070207835-8"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epidemiologia"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hepatitis A (HA) and E (HE) represent a significant global health burden. Despite the development of effective vaccines against hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV), outbreaks of acute HA and HE continue to occur worldwide. This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of anti-HAV and anti-HEV IgG antibodies (Abs) in the population of Belgrade and to analyze their association with socio-demographic and clinical factors. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a sample of 2533 healthy volunteers in Serbia in May 2024. Participation was voluntary and web-based, leading to an overrepresentation of women and middle-aged adults, while children were underrepresented. Due to this non-probabilistic recruitment, the absolute seroprevalence estimates have limited generalizability to the entire population of Belgrade. Serum samples were tested for anti-HAV and anti-HEV IgG using commercial ELISA kits. The anti-HEV estimate is based on a single ELISA without confirmatory testing and should be interpreted with this limitation in mind. Statistical analysis included confidence interval estimation, chi-square tests, and Spearman\u2019s correlation. Results: Overall seroprevalence was 20.5% (95% CI: 18.9\u201322.1) for anti-HAV and 22.6% (95% CI: 21.0\u201324.3) for anti-HEV. A strong, non-linear increase in anti-HAV seroprevalence with age was observed, rising sharply from 2.8% in the 18\u201329 group to 78.3% in those aged 70+. Anti-HEV seroprevalence also featured a significant positive correlation with age (rs = 0.99, p &lt; 0.0001), increasing from 4.2% in children (1\u201317 years) to 49.2% in the 70+ group. Men had significantly higher anti-HAV seroprevalence than women (23.1% vs. 19.3%, p = 0.029). Individuals with a history of surgical interventions or blood transfusions had significantly higher odds of being anti-HEV positive (OR = 1.41, p = 0.0005). Vaccination coverage against HAV was low (1.8%), and Abs were detected in only 28.6% of vaccinated individuals. Conclusions: This study suggests high HEV seroprevalence and an age-polarized HAV seroprevalence in Serbia, indicating a significant shift in the epidemiological landscape while acknowledging the sampling and assay limitations stated above. The findings underscore a growing population susceptible to HAV and highlight the need for reinforced vaccination strategies, improved diagnostics, and targeted public health interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/epidemiologia7030072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T10:07:47Z","timestamp":1779444467000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Population Immunity to Enteric Hepatitis Viruses in the Population of Belgrade"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Anna Yurievna","family":"Popova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare, 127994 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alesia Yuryevna","family":"Olkhovskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luka","family":"Draga\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera \u201cTorlak\u201d, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2270-8897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulia Vladimirovna","family":"Ostankova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7589-0234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Svetlana Alexandrovna","family":"Egorova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3139-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander Nikolaevich","family":"Schemelev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9145-7097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darya","family":"Tsibulskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera \u201cTorlak\u201d, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina Vladimirovna","family":"Anufrieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anastasiya Romanovna","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina Victorovna","family":"Drozd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0807-9588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ojuna Bayarovna","family":"Zhimbaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2097-8731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Branko","family":"Beronja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8024-1204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Proti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology, Vaccines, and Sera \u201cTorlak\u201d, 11152 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina Mikhailovna","family":"Danilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelica Marsovna","family":"Milichkina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeri Andreevich","family":"Ivanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oleg Vladimirovich","family":"Kotsar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7086-5825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward S.","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Petersburg Pasteur Institute, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vyacheslav Yurievich","family":"Smolensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare, 127994 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4571-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Areg Artemovich","family":"Totolian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint 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