{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:23:01Z","timestamp":1785435781724,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]],"date-time":"2026-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sapienza University \u201cProgetti per Avvio alla Ricerca-Tipo 2\u201d","award":["AR224190776B4D74"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR224190776B4D74"]}]},{"award":["AR224190776B4D74"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AR224190776B4D74"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02be6w209","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of Education and Research","award":["MIUR-PRIN 2022EHN49M_003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MIUR-PRIN 2022EHN49M_003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epigenomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Aberrant DNA methylation of imprinted genes and increased sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) have been implicated in male infertility. However, their impact on assisted reproductive technology (ART) outcomes remains unclear. This pilot study aimed to investigate SDF and methylation status of H19, IGF2, and PEG1\/MEST in relation to fertilisation and embryo development following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Methods: Twenty male partners of women undergoing ICSI were recruited and classified according to ART outcome into viable embryos (VEs, n = 7), non-viable embryos (NVEs, n = 7), and no fertilisation (NF, n = 6). Before sperm selection, an aliquot of each seminal sample was used for semen analysis according to WHO, 2021, SDF assessment (TUNEL assay), and sperm DNA methylation analysis of H19, IGF2, and PEG1\/MEST (pyrosequencing). Results: Semen parameters were above the fifth percentile. SDF was significantly lower in the VE group compared with the other groups. H19 CpG1 methylation correlated positively with viable embryos (p = 0.016), while H19 CpG2 island showed a positive correlation with sperm concentration (p = 0.028). In male\/couple infertility cases, total H19 methylation correlated negatively with SDF (p = 0.050). IGF2 CpG3 island methylation correlated positively with viable embryos (p = 0.027). Total PEG1\/MEST methylation was positively correlated with fertilisation events (p = 0.002) and viable embryos (p = 0.011). PEG1\/MEST CpG2 island also positively correlated with sperm motility (p = 0.034), while CpG3 and CpG4 showed significant correlations with fertilisation (p &lt; 0.001; p = 0.004). Conclusions: This pilot study shows that SDF and sperm methylation levels of H19, IGF2, and PEG1\/MEST are related to ICSI outcomes, supporting that sperm molecular and epigenetic features may influence fertilisation and embryo development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes10020032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T15:39:32Z","timestamp":1778513972000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sperm Imprinted Gene Methylation and DNA Fragmentation in ICSI Outcomes: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5747-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Chiara","family":"Conflitti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Seminology and Sperm Bank \u201cL. Gandini\u201d, Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fani","family":"Konstantinidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Molecular Genetics, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Buonacquisto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Seminology and Sperm Bank \u201cL. Gandini\u201d, Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4629-5222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Cicolani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Seminology and Sperm Bank \u201cL. Gandini\u201d, Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4866-7130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Delli Paoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Seminology and Sperm Bank \u201cL. Gandini\u201d, Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Di Chiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Seminology and Sperm Bank \u201cL. Gandini\u201d, Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Linari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and of Gynecological Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7195-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludovico","family":"Muzii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maternal and Child Health and of Gynecological Sciences, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serena","family":"Bianchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Seminology and Sperm Bank \u201cL. Gandini\u201d, Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Quaranta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Seminology and Sperm Bank \u201cL. Gandini\u201d, Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6042-6474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pallotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Diabetology and Endocrinology Unit, Hospital \u201cUmberto I\u201d, Azienda Sanitaria Provinciale di Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Seminology and Sperm Bank \u201cL. Gandini\u201d, Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6232-0996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liborio","family":"Stuppia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Molecular Genetics, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9999-5823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Gatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Molecular Genetics, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9699-8703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatella","family":"Paoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Seminology and Sperm Bank \u201cL. Gandini\u201d, Department of Experimental Medicine, \u201cSapienza\u201d University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cannarella, R., Crafa, A., Mongio\u00ec, L.M., Leggio, L., Iraci, N., La Vignera, S., Condorelli, R.A., and Calogero, A.E. (2022). DNA Methylation in Offspring Conceived after Assisted Reproductive Techniques: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11175056"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-015-0155-4","article-title":"Epigenetics and male reproduction: The consequences of paternal lifestyle on fertility, embryo development, and children lifetime health","volume":"7","author":"Stuppia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmz045","article-title":"Disturbed genomic imprinting and its relevance for human reproduction: Causes and clinical consequences","volume":"26","author":"Elbracht","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e9l\u00e9nou, C., Brioude, F., Giabicani, E., Sobrier, M.L., and Netchine, I. (2022). IGF2: Development, Genetic and Epigenetic Abnormalities. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11121886"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01567-y","article-title":"The role of long non-coding RNA H19 in infertility","volume":"9","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13518","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M200458200","article-title":"An Imprinted PEG1\/MEST Antisense Expressed Predominantly in Human Testis and in Mature Spermatozoa","volume":"277","author":"Li","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/6.5.781","article-title":"Human PEG1\/MEST, an Imprinted Gene on Chromosome 7","volume":"6","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.14.2183","article-title":"Establishment of the paternal methylation imprint of the human H19 and MEST\/PEG1 genes during spermatogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Kerjean","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16256-9","article-title":"Genomic imprinting in disruptive spermatogenesis","volume":"363","author":"Marques","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/ejhg.2009.117","article-title":"Specific epigenetic alterations of IGF2-H19 locus in spermatozoa from infertile men","volume":"18","author":"Boissonnas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.09.010","article-title":"Alterations in sperm DNA methylation patterns at imprinted loci in two classes of infertility","volume":"94","author":"Hammoud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2009.01000.x","article-title":"Idiopathic male infertility is strongly associated with aberrant methylation of MEST and IGF2\/H19 ICR1","volume":"33","author":"Poplinski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12329","article-title":"DNA methylation imprinting errors in spermatogenic cells from maturation arrest azoospermic patients","volume":"5","author":"Marques","year":"2017","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60677-3","article-title":"Male infertility: Role of genetic background","volume":"14","author":"Ferlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-1208.121419","article-title":"A clinical appraisal of the genetic basis in unexplained male infertility","volume":"6","author":"Esteves","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hum. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-018-1304-4","article-title":"Paternal factors contributing to embryo quality","volume":"35","author":"Colaco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.05.036","article-title":"Paternal age and assisted reproductive technology outcome in ovum recipients","volume":"92","author":"Luna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaltsas, A., Zikopoulos, A., Vrachnis, D., Skentou, C., Symeonidis, E.N., Dimitriadis, F., Stavros, S., Chrisofos, M., Sofikitis, N., and Vrachnis, N. (2024). Advanced Paternal Age in Focus: Unraveling Its Influence on Assisted Reproductive Technology Outcomes. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13102731"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2374724","DOI":"10.1080\/13685538.2024.2374724","article-title":"Age related semen parameters and ICSI pregnancy outcomes of 8046 men in Turkey over a 9-year period","volume":"27","author":"Valizade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Male"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2021). WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen, World Health Organization. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3446","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei231","article-title":"Sperm DNA fragmentation: Threshold value in male fertility","volume":"20","author":"Sergerie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00111.x","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of sperm DNA fragmentation by five different assays: TUNEL assay, SCSA, SCD test and alkaline and neutral Comet assay","volume":"1","author":"Abad","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod56.3.602","article-title":"Detection of deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation in human sperm: Correlation with fertilization in vitro","volume":"56","author":"Sun","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12700","article-title":"Clinical implications of sperm DNA damage in IVF and ICSI: Updated systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"96","author":"Yeste","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Rev. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2016.09.014","article-title":"Sperm DNA fragmentation in Italian couples with recurrent pregnancy loss","volume":"34","author":"Carlini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conflitti, A.C., Cicolani, G., Buonacquisto, A., Pallotti, F., Faja, F., Bianchini, S., Blacon\u00e0, G., Bruno, S.M., Linari, A., and Lucarelli, M. (2023). Sperm DNA Fragmentation and Sperm-Borne miRNAs: Molecular Biomarkers of Embryo Development?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021007"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1143","article-title":"Methylation analysis of idiopathic recurrent spontaneous miscarriage cases reveals aberrant imprinting at H19 ICR in normozoospermic individuals","volume":"98","author":"Ankolkar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gam093","article-title":"Abnormal methylation of imprinted genes in human sperm is associated with oligozoospermia","volume":"14","author":"Marques","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.125412","article-title":"Bringing epigenetics into the diagnostics of the andrology laboratory: Challenges and perspectives","volume":"16","author":"Gromoll","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719116650755","article-title":"Abnormal Methylation of Imprinted Genes and Cigarette Smoking: Assessment of Their Association with the Risk of Male Infertility","volume":"24","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12001","article-title":"Sperm global DNA methylation level: Association with semen parameters and genome integrity","volume":"3","author":"Montjean","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13239","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13239","article-title":"Methylation levels of IGF2 and KCNQ1 in spermatozoa from infertile men are associated with sperm DNA damage","volume":"51","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1080\/19396368.2021.1909667","article-title":"Relevance of sperm imprinted gene methylation on assisted reproductive technique outcomes and pregnancy loss: A systematic review","volume":"67","author":"Cannarella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-018-1350-y","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species-induced alterations in H19-Igf2 methylation patterns, seminal plasma metabolites, and semen quality","volume":"36","author":"Darbandi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s13148-019-0712-3","article-title":"Placenta-specific epimutation at H19-DMR among common pregnancy complications: Its frequency and effect on the expression patterns of H19 and IGF2","volume":"11","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Epigenet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.5534\/wjmh.190070","article-title":"IGF2 and IGF1R mRNAs Are Detectable in Human Spermatozoa","volume":"38","author":"Cannarella","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Mens. Health"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-150490","article-title":"Variation, patterns, and temporal stability of DNA methylation: Considerations for epigenetic epidemiology","volume":"24","author":"Talens","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3880","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkq126","article-title":"Spatial, temporal and interindividual epigenetic variation of functionally important DNA methylation patterns","volume":"38","author":"Schneider","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2013.00118.x","article-title":"DNA methylation in spermatozoa as a prospective marker in andrology","volume":"1","author":"Bleiziffer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2011.02.001","article-title":"Istanbul consensus workshop on embryo assessment: Proceedings of an expert meeting","volume":"22","author":"Balaban","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dey357","article-title":"Cytological and molecular aspects of the ageing sperm","volume":"34","author":"Paoli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pallotti, F., Senofonte, G., Konstantinidou, F., Di Chiano, S., Faja, F., Rizzo, F., Cargnelutti, F., Krausz, C., Paoli, D., and Lenzi, A. (2022). Epigenetic Effects of Gender-Affirming Hormone Treatment: A Pilot Study of the ESR2 Promoter\u2019s Methylation in AFAB People. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10020459"}],"container-title":["Epigenomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4655\/10\/2\/32\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T13:14:46Z","timestamp":1779110086000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4655\/10\/2\/32"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["epigenomes10020032"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/epigenomes10020032","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,10]]}}}