{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T17:07:08Z","timestamp":1786122428148,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epigenomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Epigenomics has emerged as an essential field in modern molecular biology, providing a critical layer of gene regulation. DNA methylation, histone modifications and alterations to the chromatin accessibility of DNA have been widely associated with complex diseases including cancer. The most recent developments in high-throughput sequencing technology have made it possible to profile epigenetic landscapes genomically on a large scale. However, bulk averaging can obscure cellular heterogeneity essential for understanding complex disease states. The purpose of the review is to survey accessible tools and algorithms to conduct an Epigenomic study in the field of biomedical research, from bulk tissue analysis to the high-resolution frontier of single-cell epigenomics. Methods: We performed a comparative analysis of common methods used to analyze DNA methylation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, sequencing analysis and chromatin accessibility profiling. We described the standardized bioinformatics tools and pipelines required to transform raw sequencing data into mechanistic biological understanding, highlighting the role of quality control, peak calling, and differential analysis. Furthermore, we explore the integration of epigenomics with other \u201comics\u201d layers through advanced computational frameworks, including machine learning and network-based modeling. Results: These advanced multi-omics techniques demonstrate promising clinical utility by enabling biomarker discovery, disease subtyping, and identification of novel therapeutic targets. Conclusions: Despite challenges with data complexity, the fusion of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and single-cell technologies will accelerate the transition toward precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes10030053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T10:12:01Z","timestamp":1786097521000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrative Epigenomics: Bioinformatics Strategies for Multi-Omics Data Analysis in Health and Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3271-2910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shikhi","family":"Baruri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CPM), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40222, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4375-9004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lalit","family":"Batra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Predictive Medicine for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CPM), University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40222, USA"},{"name":"Bioengineering Department, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sohome","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7264-1323","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayman","family":"El-Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioengineering Department, J.B. Speed School of Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1159\/000475804","article-title":"Epigenomics, pharmacoepigenomics, and personalized medicine in cervical cancer","volume":"20","author":"Kabekkodu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Genom."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"111","article-title":"Epigenomics: Genome-wide study of methylation phenomena","volume":"4","author":"Novik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Issues Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3980","article-title":"Single-cell epigenomics: Techniques and emerging applications","volume":"16","author":"Schwartzman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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