{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:30:39Z","timestamp":1786681839101,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 DK125187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK125187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R01 AI098558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI098558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["R01 DK125187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 DK125187"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01 AI098558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AI098558"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008374","name":"Emory Center for AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P30 AI050409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI050409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008374","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epigenomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is characterized by chronic systemic inflammation. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce persistent inflammation, as measured by C-reactive protein (CRP). The CRP methylation risk score (MRSCRP) acts as proxy for plasma CRP, but longitudinal changes in this score for people with HIV (PWH) before and after initiating ART have not been described. Methods: We evaluated a previously published MRSCRP in the Emory Twin Study (N = 352), testing its correlation with plasma CRP and CRP-responsive biomarkers, as well as associations with cardiometabolic traits using generalized estimating equations (GEEs). We then applied MRSCRP in the HIV AIDS Drug Resistance Surveillance Study (ADReSS) cohort (N = 440) to assess longitudinal changes before and after ART, using paired t-tests and linear mixed-effects models. Results: MRSCRP showed moderate correlation with CRP (r = 0.38) and other inflammatory biomarkers (r = 0.25\u20130.34). MRSCRP was associated with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, and obesity, and remained independently associated with obesity (odds ratio = 1.49) after adjusting for measured CRP. Z-score-standardized MRSCRP decreased by 0.254 standard deviation units between baseline and follow-up among PWH receiving ART, confirmed by linear mixed-effects models. Conclusions: MRSCRP showed associations with chronic inflammation and cardiometabolic diseases. The observed decline in MRSCRP following ART initiation may reflect changes in inflammatory status among PWH. These findings highlight the potential of MRSCRP as a marker of inflammation-related changes and comorbidity risk in PWH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes10030054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T07:57:26Z","timestamp":1786521446000},"page":"54","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal Changes in Inflammation-Related Methylation Risk Score for C-Reactive Protein Among People with HIV"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1805-3088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yijie","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9659-0225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8421-3518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnathan A.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2998-4241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alec","family":"Powers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"},{"name":"Impact Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6582-4452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Dudgeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3889-3989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selvan","family":"Pillay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"},{"name":"Adrenergy Research Innovations, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaysingh","family":"Brijkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6191-4023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahomed Y. S.","family":"Moosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Gwinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viola","family":"Vaccarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8409-4689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent C.","family":"Marconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Atlanta Healthcare System, Decatur, GA 30033, USA"},{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2838-1824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan V.","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"},{"name":"Veterans Affairs Atlanta Healthcare System, Decatur, GA 30033, USA"},{"name":"Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"US CDC (2026, June 20). 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