{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:42:45Z","timestamp":1787244165792,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565222400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Association Fran\u00e7aise de Gougerot Sj\u00f6gren","award":["2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018"]}]},{"name":"Brest University Hospital INNOVEO donation fund","award":["2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019"]}]},{"name":"Federation for the Development of Internal Medicine in Europe (FDIME)","award":["P Arvaniti research grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P Arvaniti research grant"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epigenomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s syndrome (SjS) and primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) can be classified as a model of generalized autoimmune epithelitis based on their frequent coexistence in clinical practice and the highly specific immune mediated injury of target epithelial cells. Both of these autoimmune diseases are characterized by female predominance, highly specific circulating autoantibodies, and immune-mediated destruction of the salivary and lachrymal glands and the biliary epithelial cells, respectively. Although the genetic predisposition has been well described for both diseases, genetic studies have failed to completely elucidate their pathogenesis. The recent integration of epigenetic data, analyzing the different cellular partners, opens new perspectives and allows for better understanding of these complex and still incurable diseases. Epigenetic studies on SjS have elucidated the role of DNA methylation alterations in disease pathogenesis, while epigenetic changes that influence expression of genes on the X chromosome have been implicated in the geo-variability and occurrence of PBC. The aim of this review is to describe the advances in epigenetics in the field of autoimmune epithelitis as well as to highlight how epigenetic changes could contribute to better understanding of disease pathogenesis and progression. These advances could yield insights on novel therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes3030015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]],"date-time":"2019-08-08T11:05:32Z","timestamp":1565262332000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Epigenetic Modifications in Generalized Autoimmune Epithelitis: Sj\u00f6gren\u2019s Syndrome and Primary Biliary Cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"3","author":[{"given":"Pinelopi","family":"Arvaniti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, 41222 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, 41222 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Brest University Medical School Hospital, 29200 Brest, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Zachou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, 41222 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, 41222 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aggeliki","family":"Lyberopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, 41222 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3715-8640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos K.","family":"Gatselis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, 41222 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, 41222 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5604-3769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wesley H.","family":"Brooks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George N.","family":"Dalekos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Larissa, 41222 Larissa, Greece"},{"name":"Institute of Internal Medicine and Hepatology, 41222 Larissa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5098-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yves","family":"Renaudineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Brest University Medical School Hospital, 29200 Brest, France"},{"name":"UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunit\u00e9, Universit\u00e9 de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, 29200 Brest, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Autoimmune epitheliitis: Sjogren\u2019s syndrome","volume":"12","author":"Skopouli","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. 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