{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:17:54Z","timestamp":1792081074766,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epigenomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the use of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) is an established practice, the use of luteinizing hormone (LH) remains debatable. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous, non-coding transcripts that control a variety of cellular functions, such as gonadotrophin production and follicular development. The goal of this pilot study was to investigate whether the employment of recombinant LH (rLH) in ovarian stimulation protocols results in changes in the miRNA profiles in human oocytes. Patients were divided into two groups: seven received recombinant FSH (rFSH, 225 IU), and six received rFSH (150 IU) plus rLH (75 IU). MiRNA predesigned panels and real-time PCR technology were used to analyze the oocytes retrieved from the follicular ovarian retrieval. Among the miRNAs evaluated, a series of them evidenced upregulation or downregulation in their expression in the FSH plus LH group compared to the FSH group. Considering the results obtained from the functional and network analysis, the different maternal miRNA profiles in the two groups revealed a differential modulation of pathways involved in numerous biological functions. Overall, based on the pathways associated with most of these maternal miRNAs, the presence of LH may result in a different modulation of pathways regulating survival under the control of a Tp53-related mechanism. Interestingly, among the miRNAs differentially expressed in oocytes of the two groups, we have found miRNAs already investigated at ovarian, follicular, oocyte, and embryonic levels: hsa-miR-484, hsa-miR-222, hsa-miR-520d-5p, hsa-miRNA-17, hsa-miR-548, and hsa-miR-140. Thus, investigation into the role of these miRNAs in oocyte molecular pathways may help determine how LH affects oocyte competence and eventually leads to the clinical improvement of IVF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes7040025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]],"date-time":"2023-10-06T07:49:29Z","timestamp":1696578569000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Maternal MicroRNA Profile Changes When LH Is Added to the Ovarian Stimulation Protocol: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Fani","family":"Konstantinidou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Molecular Genetics, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4893-932X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Placidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9442-6923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Di Emidio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liborio","family":"Stuppia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Molecular Genetics, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4978-2571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Tatone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9999-5823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Gatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Molecular Genetics, Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), \u201cG. d\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo Giovanni","family":"Artini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28686-x","article-title":"Evaluation of the Potential of MiR-21 as a Diagnostic Marker for Oocyte Maturity and Embryo Quality in Women Undergoing ICSI","volume":"13","author":"Jenabi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25854","article-title":"Interplay between MiRNAs and Human Diseases","volume":"233","author":"Paul","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.03.006","article-title":"Metazoan MicroRNAs","volume":"173","author":"Bartel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00174","article-title":"The Role of MicroRNAs in Ovarian Granulosa Cells in Health and Disease","volume":"10","author":"Tu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Revelli, A., Piane, L.D., Casano, S., Molinari, E., Massobrio, M., and Rinaudo, P. (2009). Follicular Fluid Content and Oocyte Quality: From Single Biochemical Markers to Metabolomics. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-7-40"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.07.001","article-title":"Follicular Fluid and Mural Granulosa Cells MicroRNA Profiles Vary in in Vitro Fertilization Patients Depending on Their Age and Oocyte Maturation Stage","volume":"104","author":"Moreno","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.056234","article-title":"Small RNAs in Early Mammalian Development: From Gametes to Gastrulation","volume":"138","author":"Suh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.418707","article-title":"Maternal MicroRNAs Are Essential for Mouse Zygotic Development","volume":"21","author":"Tang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.268193.120","article-title":"Small RNA Expression and MiRNA Modification Dynamics in Human Oocytes and Early Embryos","volume":"31","author":"Paloviita","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8050","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa543","article-title":"MicroRNA Dilution during Oocyte Growth Disables the MicroRNA Pathway in Mammalian Oocytes","volume":"48","author":"Kataruka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.128.17.3233","article-title":"Me31B Silences Translation of Oocyte-Localizing RNAs through the Formation of Cytoplasmic RNP Complex during Drosophila Oogenesis","volume":"128","author":"Nakamura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Richter, J.D., and Lasko, P. (2011). Translational Control in Oocyte Development. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 3.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a002758"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christou-Kent, M., Dhellemmes, M., Lambert, E., Ray, P.F., and Arnoult, C. (2020). Diversity of RNA-Binding Proteins Modulating Post-Transcriptional Regulation of Protein Expression in the Maturing Mammalian Oocyte. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030662"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.023788","article-title":"The Primate Embryo Gene Expression Resource: A Novel Resource to Facilitate Rapid Analysis of Gene Expression Patterns in Non-Human Primate Oocytes and Preimplantation Stage Embryos","volume":"70","author":"Zheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20950","article-title":"Expression of MicroRNA Processing Machinery Genes in Rhesus Monkey Oocytes and Embryos of Different Developmental Potentials","volume":"76","author":"Mtango","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.12.042","article-title":"MicroRNA Activity Is Suppressed in Mouse Oocytes","volume":"20","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2009.12.044","article-title":"MicroRNA Function Is Globally Suppressed in Mouse Oocytes and Early Embryos","volume":"20","author":"Suh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1253","article-title":"Dicer Is Essential for Mouse Development","volume":"35","author":"Bernstein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e53514","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.202153514","article-title":"Physiologically Relevant MiRNAs in Mammalian Oocytes Are Rare and Highly Abundant","volume":"23","author":"Kataruka","year":"2022","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1002\/rmb2.12371","article-title":"The Role of Pituitary Gonadotropins and Intraovarian Regulators in Follicle Development: A Mini-Review","volume":"20","author":"Orisaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandekerckhove, F., Gerris, J., Vansteelandt, S., De Baerdemaeker, A., Tilleman, K., and De Sutter, P. (2014). Delaying the Oocyte Maturation Trigger by One Day Leads to a Higher Metaphase II Oocyte Yield in IVF\/ICSI: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-12-31"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.01.003","article-title":"Recombinant Luteinizing Hormone Supplementation in Assisted Reproductive Technology: A Systematic Review","volume":"109","author":"Alviggi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conforti, A., Esteves, S.C., Di Rella, F., Strina, I., De Rosa, P., Fiorenza, A., Zullo, F., De Placido, G., and Alviggi, C. (2019). The Role of Recombinant LH in Women with Hypo-Response to Controlled Ovarian Stimulation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-019-0460-4"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00282","article-title":"An Observational Retrospective Cohort Trial on 4,828 IVF Cycles Evaluating Different Low Prognosis Patients Following the POSEIDON Criteria","volume":"10","author":"Zerbetto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2020.08.035","article-title":"Effect of Recombinant LH Supplementation on Cumulative Live Birth Rate Compared with FSH Alone in Poor Ovarian Responders: A Large, Real-World Study","volume":"42","author":"Arvis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.01.150","article-title":"Gene Expression Profiles of Cumulus Cells Obtained from Women Treated with Recombinant Human Luteinizing Hormone + Recombinant Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone or Highly Purified Human Menopausal Gonadotropin versus Recombinant Human Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Alone","volume":"99","author":"Gatta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25182","article-title":"Modulating Intrafollicular Hormonal Milieu in Controlled Ovarian Stimulation: Insights from PPAR Expression in Human Granulosa Cells","volume":"231","author":"Tatone","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex320","article-title":"Cumulus Cells Surrounding Oocytes with High Developmental Competence Exhibit Down-Regulation of Phosphoinositol 1,3 Kinase\/Protein Kinase B (PI3K\/AKT) Signalling Genes Involved in Proliferation and Survival","volume":"32","author":"Artini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2021.07.014","article-title":"Cumulus Cell MicroRNA Expression When LH Is Added to the Ovarian Stimulation Protocol: A Pilot Study","volume":"43","author":"Vigo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. BioMedicine Online"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deaa364","article-title":"Age-Related MiRNome Landscape of Cumulus Oophorus Cells during Controlled Ovarian Stimulation Protocols in IVF Cycles","volume":"36","author":"Cuomo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2022.01.034","article-title":"Expression of Bta-MiR-222 and LHCGR in Bovine Cultured Granulosa Cells: Impact of Follicle Deviation and Regulation by FSH\/Insulin in Vitro","volume":"182","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konstantinidou, F., Budani, M.C., Sarra, A., Stuppia, L., Tiboni, G.M., and Gatta, V. (2021). Impact of Cigarette Smoking on the Expression of Oxidative Stress-Related Genes in Cumulus Cells Retrieved from Healthy Women Undergoing IVF. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222313147"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1465","article-title":"Recombinant Luteinizing Hormone (RLH) and Recombinant Follicle Stimulating Hormone (RFSH) for Ovarian Stimulation in IVF\/ICSI Cycles","volume":"5","author":"Mochtar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaur, S., and Kurokawa, M. (2023). Regulation of Oocyte Apoptosis: A View from Gene Knockout Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021345"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11648","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38340-1","article-title":"Evaluation of the P53 Pathway in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Pathogenesis and Apoptosis Enhancement in Human Granulosa Cells through Transcriptome Data Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Zanjirband","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luan, Y., Xu, P., Yu, S.-Y., and Kim, S.-Y. (2021). The Role of Mutant P63 in Female Fertility. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168968"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201801401R","article-title":"Mdm2-P53-SF1 Pathway in Ovarian Granulosa Cells Directs Ovulation and Fertilization by Conditioning Oocyte Quality","volume":"33","author":"Haraguchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16029","DOI":"10.1038\/npjamd.2016.29","article-title":"Hsa-MiR-520d-5p Promotes Survival in Human Dermal Fibroblasts Exposed to a Lethal Dose of UV Irradiation","volume":"2","author":"Ishihara","year":"2016","journal-title":"npj Aging Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533033820922558","DOI":"10.1177\/1533033820922558","article-title":"MiR-222-3p Promotes Cell Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis by Targeting PUMA (BBC3) in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Technol. Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2023.102124","article-title":"Exosomal MiR-17\u201392 Derived from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Promotes Wound Healing by Enhancing Angiogenesis and Inhibiting Endothelial Cell Ferroptosis","volume":"83","author":"Nie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5364","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v22.i23.5364","article-title":"MicroRNA-548a-5p Promotes Proliferation and Inhibits Apoptosis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells by Targeting Tg737","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10275","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S226465","article-title":"MiR-140-3p Suppresses Cell Growth and Induces Apoptosis In Colorectal Cancer By Targeting PD-L1","volume":"12","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"OncoTargets Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.68028","article-title":"Mir-484 Contributes to Diminished Ovarian Reserve by Regulating Granulosa Cell Function via YAP1-Mediated Mitochondrial Function and Apoptosis","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Yang, J., Li, H., Mu, H., Zeng, L., Cai, S., Su, P., Li, H., Zhang, L., and Xiang, W. (2023). MiR-484 Mediates Oxidative Stress-Induced Ovarian Dysfunction and Promotes Granulosa Cell Apoptosis via SESN2 Downregulation. Redox Biol., 62.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2023.102684"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2020.74.289-293","article-title":"Follicle Stimulating Hormone (LH: FSH) Ratio in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) - Obese vs. Non-Obese Women","volume":"74","author":"Saadia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-2215-6-36","article-title":"Altered Expression of MiRNAs in a Dihydrotestosterone-Induced Rat PCOS Model","volume":"6","author":"Hossain","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2019.01.038","article-title":"MiR-222 Promotes the Progression of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome by Targeting P27 Kip1","volume":"215","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gas013","article-title":"The Expression Profile of C19MC MicroRNAs in Primary Human Trophoblast Cells and Exosomes","volume":"18","author":"Donker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battaglia, R., Vento, M.E., Ragusa, M., Barbagallo, D., La Ferlita, A., Di Emidio, G., Borz\u00ed, P., Artini, P.G., Scollo, P., and Tatone, C. (2016). MicroRNAs Are Stored in Human MII Oocyte and Their Expression Profile Changes in Reproductive Aging. Biol. Reprod., 95.","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.116.142711"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2017.00057","article-title":"Non-Coding RNAs in the Ovarian Follicle","volume":"8","author":"Battaglia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.11.058","article-title":"Association of Exosomal MicroRNAs in Human Ovarian Follicular Fluid with Oocyte Quality","volume":"534","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19746","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56327-9","article-title":"MicroRNA-548 Regulates High Mobility Group Box 1 Expression in Patients with Preterm Birth and Chorioamnionitis","volume":"9","author":"Son","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.1701210","article-title":"Analyzing MRNA Expression Identifies Smad3 as a MicroRNA-140 Target Regulated Only at Protein Level","volume":"16","author":"Pais","year":"2010","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/0012-1606(92)90216-4","article-title":"Localization and Binding of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta Isoforms in Mouse Preimplantation Embryos and in Delayed and Activated Blastocysts","volume":"151","author":"Paria","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0029(20010215)52:4<374::AID-JEMT1022>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Transforming Growth Factor Beta and Mouse Development","volume":"52","author":"Mummery","year":"2001","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, W.-M., Pang, R.T.K., Cheong, A.W.Y., Ng, E.H.Y., Lao, K., Lee, K.-F., and Yeung, W.S.B. (2012). Involvement of MicroRNA Lethal-7a in the Regulation of Embryo Implantation in Mice. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037039"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2020.01.001","article-title":"MicroRNA-486-5p and microRNA-486-3p: Multifaceted pleiotropic mediators in oncological and non-oncological conditions","volume":"5","author":"ElKhouly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Non-Coding RNA Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2016.02.019","article-title":"MiR-486-3p targeting ECM1 represses cell proliferation and metastasis in cervical cancer","volume":"80","author":"Ye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1159\/000435879","article-title":"Aberrant Placental Villus Expression of miR-486-3p and miR-3074-5p in Recurrent Miscarriage Patients and Uterine Expression of These MicroRNAs during Early Pregnancy in Mice","volume":"81","author":"Gu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gynecol. Obstet. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2012-0198","article-title":"Integration of Cellular Bioenergetics with Mitochondrial Quality Control and Autophagy","volume":"393","author":"Hill","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-019-00137-x","article-title":"Luteinizing Hormone Action in Human Oocyte Maturation and Quality: Signaling Pathways, Regulation, and Clinical Impact","volume":"27","author":"Arroyo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12907","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69325-z","article-title":"LH Supplementation of Ovarian Stimulation Protocols Influences Follicular Fluid Steroid Composition Contributing to the Improvement of Ovarian Response in Poor Responder Women","volume":"10","author":"Marchiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Epigenomes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4655\/7\/4\/25\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T21:01:55Z","timestamp":1760130115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4655\/7\/4\/25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]}},"alternative-id":["epigenomes7040025"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/epigenomes7040025","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4655"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4655","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,6]]}}}