{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T10:19:08Z","timestamp":1779185948772,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AA029435"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AA029435"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Epigenomes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Heavy alcohol consumption (HAC) has a profound adverse effect on human health. Unfortunately, there is a relative lack of tools that are easily implementable in clinical settings and that can be used to supplement self-reporting in the diagnosis and management of HAC. In part, this paucity is due to limitations of currently available biological measures and a mismatch between available biological measures and the needs of clinicians managing HAC. Objectives: We first review the pros and cons of existing biological measures. Next, we review the underlying theory and the performance characteristics of two recently developed methylation-sensitive digital PCR (MSdPCR) assays, referred to as the Alcohol T Score (ATS) and ZSCAN25, for the assessment of chronic and recent HAC, respectively. Finally, we outline a paradigm for improving the clinical diagnosis and management of alcohol use disorders by utilizing these new markers of alcohol consumption. Conclusions: We conclude that further studies to understand the test performance characteristics of each of these epigenetic tools in larger, diverse populations are in order.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/epigenomes9010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]],"date-time":"2024-12-24T09:00:57Z","timestamp":1735030857000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Two Clinically Implementable Digital PCR Assessments of DNA Methylation for Diagnosing Heavy Alcohol Consumption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7822-4977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Philibert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"},{"name":"Behavioral Diagnostics LLC, Coralville, IA 52241, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8053-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven R. H.","family":"Beach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7006-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allan M.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6930a1","article-title":"Deaths and years of potential life lost from excessive alcohol use\u2014United States, 2011\u20132015","volume":"69","author":"Esser","year":"2020","journal-title":"Morb. Mortal. Wkly. 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