{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T01:03:32Z","timestamp":1779239012579,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1.1.1.1\/16\/A\/260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.1.1.1\/16\/A\/260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wind is one of the major natural forest disturbances in Europe, and reduces the total economic (including carbon sequestration) value of forests. The aim of this study was to assess the financial benefit of silvicultural measures in young, pure, planted Norway spruce stands by reduction in the impact of wind damage over the rotation period. The analyzed measures are promptly applied precommercial thinning and low-density planting with improved plant material. Spatial information on factors affecting wind damage\u2014wind climate and soil\u2014were gathered and combined with the local growth model and empirical data from tree pulling experiments in Latvia to assess the economic value loss due to wind damage over a rotation period. Timely precommercial thinning and lower-density planting with improved plant material would ensure a positive net present value with an interest rate of 3%, using conservative estimates. The financial benefit is highest in windier (coastal) regions and for the planting, followed by moderate thinning. The results demonstrate that, even without changing the dominant tree species, a considerable reduction in wind-damage risk can be achieved.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f11050576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]],"date-time":"2020-05-21T11:31:18Z","timestamp":1590060678000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Cost\u2013Benefit Analysis of Measures to Reduce Windstorm Impact in Pure Norway Spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) Stands in Latvia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9953-0455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valters","family":"Samariks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute \u2018Silava\u2019, Rigas 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oskars","family":"Krisans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute \u2018Silava\u2019, Rigas 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3365-0566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janis","family":"Donis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute \u2018Silava\u2019, Rigas 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilze","family":"Silamikele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Agriculture Republic of Latvia, Republikas 2, LV-1981 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juris","family":"Katrevics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute \u2018Silava\u2019, Rigas 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7981-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aris","family":"Jansons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute \u2018Silava\u2019, Rigas 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(00)00285-1","article-title":"Management of forests to reduce the risk of abiotic damage\u2014A review with particular reference to the effects of strong winds","volume":"135","author":"Gardiner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Forest Ecol. 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