{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T13:09:11Z","timestamp":1780924151401,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]],"date-time":"2020-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"LVM","award":["5.5._002t_101.15.57"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5.5._002t_101.15.57"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Freezing rain is a frequently occurring, but relatively rarely studied disturbance in Europe, although ice accumulation may occasionally cause severe damage for forestry. We aimed to characterize ice-accumulation damage to overstory trees in spruce stands, assess the probability of damage based on the stand and individual tree parameters, and define the most significant parameters that affect the probability of individual tree damage in all stands and in recently thinned stands. Among the studied stands, the proportion of damaged overstory spruce ranged from 1.8% to 60.9% and was higher (p &lt; 0.001) in recently thinned stands (27.8% \u00b1 1.9%) than in the other stands (20.4% \u00b1 1.6%). Stem breakage was the prevalent (98.5% \u00b1 1.1%) damage type. At the stand level, the probability of damage decreased for older, less dense stands with a larger mean diameter. Within stands, overstory trees were more damaged (23.5% \u00b1 1.2%; p &lt; 0.001) than those in the lower stand layers, but, within overstory, trees with larger dimensions and a higher social position (high relative diameter and low slenderness ratio) and a higher proportion of crown were less damaged. The probability of breakage to overstory trees was most accurately predicted using almost the same variables for all stands and recently thinned stands. The site type, tree height, relative diameter, and crown ratio were common for both, with the addition of mean diameter at breast height for all stands and the stand density for recently thinned stands. Our results indicate the importance of the tree and stand characteristics on the resistance of individual tree to ice accumulation and the need for management practices that balance increased growth and the stability of trees throughout the rotation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f11060679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]],"date-time":"2020-06-15T03:17:32Z","timestamp":1592191052000},"page":"679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Tree Damage by Ice Accumulation in Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Stands Regarding Stand Characteristics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Silva","family":"\u0160\u0113nhofa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juris","family":"Katrevi\u010ds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andis","family":"Adamovi\u010ds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u0101rlis","family":"Bi\u010dkovskis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0447-0838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Endijs","family":"B\u0101ders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3365-0566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u0101nis","family":"Donis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0100ris","family":"Jansons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute Silava, Rigas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12193","article-title":"Natural disturbance impacts on ecosystem services and biodiversity in temperate and boreal forests","volume":"91","author":"Thom","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"42","article-title":"Economic analysis of natural forest disturbances: A century of research","volume":"32","author":"Brunette","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. For. Econ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1080\/02827581.2019.1659849","article-title":"Direct measurements of carbon exchange at forest disturbance sites: A review of results with the eddy covariance method","volume":"34","author":"Rebane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00684.x","article-title":"Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries","volume":"9","author":"Schelhaas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2318","article-title":"Increasing forest disturbances in Europe and their impact on carbon storage","volume":"4","author":"Seidl","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01706","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1706","article-title":"Hemiboreal forest: Natural disturbances and the importance of ecosystem legacies to management","volume":"8","author":"Korjus","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B\u0101ders, E., Jansons, \u0100., Matisons, R., Elferts, D., and Desaine, I. (2018). Landscape diversity for reduced risk of insect damage: A case study of Spruce bud Scale in Latvia. Forests, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/f9090545"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10009","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.10009","article-title":"Factors affecting windstorm damage at the stand level in hemiboreal forests in Latvia: Case study of 2005 winter storm","volume":"52","author":"Donis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Silva Fenn."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samariks, V., Krisans, O., Donis, J., Silamikele, I., Katrevics, J., and Jansons, A. (2020). Cost\u2013benefit analysis of measures to reduce windstorm impact in pure Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) stands in Latvia. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11050576"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donis, J., Saleniece, R., Krisans, O., Dubrovskis, E., Kitenberga, M., and Jansons, A. (2020). A financial assessment of windstorm risks for Scots pine stands in hemiboreal forests. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11050566"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kitenberga, M., Elferts, D., Adamovics, A., Katrevics, J., Donis, J., Baders, E., and Jansons, A. (2020). Effect of salvage logging and forest type on the post-fire regeneration of Scots pine in hemiboreal forests. New For., 1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11056-020-09775-5"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"World Meteorological Organisation (2020, June 12). International Cloud Atlas. Available online: https:\/\/cloudatlas.wmo.int\/en\/supercooled-rain.html."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482700001560","article-title":"A climatological study of surface freezing precipitation in Europe","volume":"7","author":"Lainard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2005.10.011","article-title":"Some statistics of freezing precipitation and rime for the territory of the former USSR from ground-based weather observations","volume":"82","author":"Bezrukova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrei, S., Antonescu, B., Boldeanu, M., M\u0103rmureanu, L., Marin, C.A., Vasilescu, J., and Ene, D. (2019). An exceptional case of freezing rain in Bucharest (Romania). Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10110673"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-17-243-2017","article-title":"A method to estimate freezing rain climatology from ERA-Interim reanalysis over Europe","volume":"17","author":"Vajda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3303","article-title":"Forest disturbances under climate change","volume":"7","author":"Seidl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-015-1460-9","article-title":"Ice storm frequencies in a warmer climate","volume":"133","author":"Klima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00e4m\u00e4r\u00e4inen, M., Hyv\u00e4rinen, O., Vajda, A., Nikulin, G., Meijgaard, E.V., Teichmann, C., Jacob, D., Gregow, H., and Jylh\u00e4, K. (2018). Estimates of present-day and future climatologies of freezing rain in Europe based on CORDEX regional climate models. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 123.","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029131"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"299","article-title":"\u017dledolom januarja in februarja 2014 v Sloveniji\u2014Prostorska in \u010dasovna spremenljivost vremena na obmo\u010dju dinarskih pokrajin","volume":"72","author":"Sinjur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gozdarski Vestn."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"38","article-title":"Severe freezing rain in Slovenia","volume":"20","author":"Markosek","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Forecast."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Vajda, A. (2015, January 27). Impacts of severe winter weather events on critical infrastructure. Proceedings of the RAIN WP2 Workshop on Past Severe Weather Hazards, Berlin, Germany."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(03)00230-5","article-title":"Impacts and management implications of ice storms on forests in the southern United States","volume":"186","author":"Bragg","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kraemer, M.J., and Nyland, R.D. (2010). Hardwood Crown Injuries and Rebuilding Following Ice Storms: A Literature Review.","DOI":"10.2737\/NRS-GTR-60"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"159","article-title":"Assessment of forest damage in Croatia using landsat-8 OLI images","volume":"6","author":"Rupasinghe","year":"2015","journal-title":"South East Eur. For."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-016-0950-2","article-title":"Patterns and drivers of ice storm damage in temperate forests of Central Europe","volume":"135","author":"Nagel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpz068","article-title":"Ice-storm damage to trees in mixed Central European forests: Damage patterns, predictors and susceptibility of tree species","volume":"93","author":"Poljanec","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2017.10.035","article-title":"The effects of a large-scale ice storm event on the drivers of bark beetle outbreaks and associated management practices","volume":"408","author":"Ogris","year":"2018","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"6","article-title":"Tree damages by icing in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands and factors affecting them","volume":"2","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res. Rural. Dev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krisans, O., Matisons, R., Rust, S., Burnevica, N., Bruna, L., Elferts, D., Kalvane, L., and Jansons, A. (2020). Presence of root rot reduces stability of Norway spruce (Picea abies): Results of static pulling tests in Latvia. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11040416"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katrevics, J., Kapostins, R., Bickovskis, K., and Jansons, A. (2019, January 26\u201328). Influence of initial density on inventory parameters of unthinned Norway spruce stands. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference \u2018Rural Development\u2019, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania.","DOI":"10.15544\/RD.2019.032"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(00)00297-8","article-title":"The mechanics of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst]: Mechanical properties of standing trees from different thinning regimes","volume":"135","author":"Becker","year":"2000","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.04.004","article-title":"Factors affecting the probability of windthrow at stand level as a result of Gudrun winter storm in southern Sweden","volume":"262","author":"Valinger","year":"2011","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/cpt046","article-title":"Storm and snow damage in a Norway spruce thinning experiment in southern Sweden","volume":"87","author":"Wallentin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Bu\u0161s, K. (1976). Latvijas PSR Me\u017ea Tipolo\u0123ijas Pamati, LRZTIPI."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"R Core Team (2018). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Fondation for Statistical Computing."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Groenemeijer, P., Becker, N., Djidara, M., Gavin, K., Hellenberg, T., Holzer, A.M., Juga, I., Jokinen, P., Jylh\u00e4, K., and Lehtonen, I. (2015). Past cases of extreme weather impact on critical infrastructure in Europe. RAIN\u2013Risk Analysis of Infrastructure Networks in Response to Extreme Weather, ESSL."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1080\/11956860.2001.11682681","article-title":"Modeling ice storm damage to a mature, mixed-species hardwood forest in eastern Ontario","volume":"8","author":"Jones","year":"2001","journal-title":"\u00c9coscience"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc79070-1","article-title":"Effects of past management on ice storm damage in hardwood stands in eastern Ontario","volume":"79","author":"Nielsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"For. Chron."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1139\/x01-104","article-title":"The relationship between ice thickness and northern hardwood tree damage during ice storms","volume":"31","author":"Proulx","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1139\/x99-029","article-title":"A mechanistic model for assessing the risk of wind and snow damage to single trees and stands of Scots pine, Norway spruce, and birch","volume":"29","author":"Peltola","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2000.0690","article-title":"Models for the growth of rime, glaze, icicles and wet snow on structures","volume":"358","author":"Makkonen","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phil. Trans. R. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-006-9006-0","article-title":"Freezing rain events: A major weather hazard in the conterminous US","volume":"40","author":"Houston","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(00)00289-9","article-title":"Logistic regression models for wind and snow damage in northern Finland based on the national forest inventory data","volume":"135","author":"Jalkanen","year":"2000","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(00)00306-6","article-title":"Mechanical stability of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch: An analysis of tree-pulling experiments in Finland","volume":"135","author":"Peltola","year":"2000","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"193","article-title":"Factors affecting snow damage of trees with particular reference to European conditions","volume":"31","author":"Peltola","year":"1997","journal-title":"Silva Fenn."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcw059","article-title":"Linking ice accretion and crown structure: Towards a model of the effect of freezing rain on tree canopies","volume":"117","author":"Nock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Bot."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.2307\/2426754","article-title":"Ice storm damage to an old-growth oak-hickory forest in Missouri","volume":"137","author":"Rebertus","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. Midl. Nat."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"243","article-title":"Ice storm damage in a small valley in southwestern Virginia","volume":"64","author":"Rhoades","year":"1999","journal-title":"Castanea"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2017.11.041","article-title":"Species, tree size, and overstory environment affect likelihood of ice storm damage to understory trees in a mature Douglas-fir forest","volume":"409","author":"Priebe","year":"2018","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/njaf\/18.1.14","article-title":"Glaze damage in a young yellow birch stand in southern Quebec, Canada","volume":"18","author":"Zarnovican","year":"2001","journal-title":"North. J. Appl. For."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(97)00062-5","article-title":"Modelling probability of snow and wind damage in Scots pine stands using tree characteristics","volume":"97","author":"Valinger","year":"1997","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1080\/028275800750173474","article-title":"Risk of snow damage in unmanaged and managed stands of Scots pine, Norway spruce and birch","volume":"15","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"57","article-title":"Stem cracks of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) provenances in Western Latvia","volume":"65","author":"Gailis","year":"2016","journal-title":"For. Stud."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krisans, O., Saleniece, R., Rust, S., Elferts, D., Kapostins, R., Jansons, A., and Matisons, R. (2020). Effect of bark-stripping on mechanical stability of Norway spruce. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11030357"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1139\/x11-141","article-title":"Butt rot incidence, causal fungi, and related yield loss in Picea abies stands of Latvia","volume":"41","author":"Arhipova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/54.2.115","article-title":"Stability of coniferous tree stems in relation to damage by snow","volume":"54","author":"Petty","year":"1981","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2017.06.054","article-title":"How does forest composition and structure affect the stability against wind and snow?","volume":"401","author":"Pukkala","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"399","article-title":"Wind and snow damage in the Pyrenees pine forests: Effect of stand attributes and location","volume":"44","author":"Coll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Silva Fenn."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(98)00446-0","article-title":"Modelling the risk of snow damage to forests under short-term snow loading","volume":"116","author":"Peltola","year":"1999","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"181","article-title":"Factors affecting wind and snow damage of individual trees in a small management unit in Finland: Assessment based on inventoried damage and mechanistic modelling","volume":"46","author":"Pellikka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Silva Fenn."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snepsts, G., Kitenberga, M., Elferts, D., Donis, J., and Jansons, A. (2020). Stem damage modifies the impact of wind on Norway spruces. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11040463"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/wjaf\/16.2.87","article-title":"Height: Diameter ratios and stability relationships for four northern Rocky Mountain tree species","volume":"16","author":"Wonn","year":"2001","journal-title":"West. J. Appl. For."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc61023-1","article-title":"A practical approach to density management","volume":"61","author":"Long","year":"1985","journal-title":"For. Chron."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2307\/2996665","article-title":"Glaze storm damage to western New York forest communities","volume":"120","author":"Seischab","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull. Torrey Bot. Club"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s10310-011-0249-6","article-title":"Both stem and crown mass affect tree resistance to uprooting","volume":"17","author":"Urata","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2005.12.037","article-title":"Silvicultural measures to increase the mechanical stability of pure secondary Norway spruce stands before conversion","volume":"224","author":"Slodicak","year":"2006","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/njaf\/17.1.16","article-title":"Ice and forest health","volume":"17","author":"Smith","year":"2000","journal-title":"North. J. Appl. For."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cain, M.D., and Shelton, M.G. (2002). Glaze damage in 13-to 18-year-old, natural, even-aged stands of Loblolly pines in Southeastern Arkansas, General Technical Report.","DOI":"10.1093\/sjaf\/27.1.18"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/77.4.349","article-title":"Thinning intensity and growth of Norway spruce stands in Finland","volume":"77","year":"2004","journal-title":"Forestry"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/sjaf\/20.3.136","article-title":"Ice damage in thinned and nonthinned loblolly pine plantations infected with fusiform rust","volume":"20","author":"Belanger","year":"1996","journal-title":"South. J. Appl. For."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.17221\/38\/2012-JFS","article-title":"Development of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) target (crop) trees in pole-stage stand with different initial spacing and tending regime","volume":"58","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/forestry\/66.3.249","article-title":"Assessing the risk of snow and wind damage from tree physical characteristics","volume":"66","author":"Valinger","year":"1993","journal-title":"Forestry"}],"container-title":["Forests"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/11\/6\/679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:38:42Z","timestamp":1760175522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/11\/6\/679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]}},"alternative-id":["f11060679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f11060679","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]]}}}