{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:29:15Z","timestamp":1773016155845,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During the seven-year research period, the average annual removal was by 3274 m3 higher than the average annual removal prescribed by the existing management plan (MP). The main reason lies in the high amount of salvage felling volume at 55,238 m3 (38.3%) in both the main and the intermediate felling due to oak dieback. The analysis of forest accessibility took into account the spatial distribution of cutblocks (with ongoing felling operations) and the volume of felled timber for two proposed factors: (1) the position of the cutblock and (2) the position of the removal. Cutblock position factor took into account the spatial position of the felling areas\/sites, while removal position factor besides the spatial reference took into account the amount of felled timber (i.e., volume) both concerning forest infrastructure network and forest operations. The analysed relative forest openness by using geo-processing workflows in GIS environment showed four types of opening areas in the studied management unit (MU): single-opened, multiple-opened, unopened and opened areas outside of the management unit. Negative effects of the piece-volume law and low harvesting densities on forest operations are highlighted in this research due to high amount of salvage felling particularly in the intermediate felling by replacing timber volume that should have come from thinnings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f12010007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]],"date-time":"2020-12-23T08:38:43Z","timestamp":1608712723000},"page":"7","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Influence of Increased Salvage Felling on Forwarding Distance and the Removal\u2014A Case Study from Croatia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Andreja","family":"\u0110uka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Sveto\u0161imunska Street 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Bumber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Croatian Forests Ltd., Forest Administration Zagreb, Lazinska Street 41, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tomislav","family":"Por\u0161insky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Sveto\u0161imunska Street 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivica","family":"Papa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Sveto\u0161imunska Street 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tibor","family":"Pentek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Forestry, University of Zagreb, Sveto\u0161imunska Street 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dodson, E.M. (2021). 2021: Challenges in Forest Road Maintenance in North America. Croat. J. For. Eng., 42, In press.","DOI":"10.5552\/crojfe.2021.777"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Stampfer, K., Pentek, T., and \u0110uka, A. (2018, January 18\u201319). Timber Harvesting in Europe\u2014Trends. Proceedings of the Current Position and Perspectives of Forestry and Wood Technology in the 21st Century, Zagreb, Croatia."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"311","article-title":"Methodology of Development of Detailed Primary Forest Traffic Infrastructure Register as the Basis for Forest road Maintenance Planning and Optimization","volume":"139","author":"Papa","year":"2015","journal-title":"\u0160umarski List"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"207","article-title":"Forest road planning, construction and maintenance to improve forest fire fighting: A review","volume":"40","author":"Laschi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Croat. J. For. Eng."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1287\/opre.1060.0331","article-title":"A combinatorial heuristic approach for solving real-size machinery location and road design problems in forestry planning","volume":"54","author":"Epstein","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Dietz, P., Knigge, W., and L\u00f6ffler, H. (1984). Walderschlie\u00dfung, Verlag Paul Parey."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"51","article-title":"Current State and Improvement Potential of Forestry Workers Training in Croatia","volume":"39","author":"Pentek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Croat. J. For. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Jela\u010di\u0107, D. (2013). Changing patterns of roundwood deliveries in Slovakia. Markets for Wood and Wooden Products. Markets for Wood and Wooden Products, WoodEMA."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"248","article-title":"Production Aspect of Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Dieback on Example of a Few Beech-Fir Stands","volume":"135","year":"2011","journal-title":"\u0160umarski List"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"EEA (2012). Climate change, impacts and vulnerability in Europe 2012\u2014An indicator-based report. EEA Report No 12\/2012, European Environment Agency."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"219","article-title":"The Problem of Establishing the Assortment Structure of Even-Aged Beech Stands","volume":"131","author":"Prka","year":"2007","journal-title":"\u0160umarski List"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Bumber, Z. (2011). Application of GIS in Analyzing Forest Openness of MU \u0160iljakova\u010dka dubrava II through Removal Structure over Space and Time. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Forestry Faculty of Zagreb University]."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mederski, P.S., Borz, S.A., \u0110uka, A., and Lazdi\u0146\u0161, A. (2021). Challenges in Forestry and Forest Engineering\u2014Case Studies from Four Countries in East Europe. Croat. J. For. Eng., 42, In Press.","DOI":"10.5552\/crojfe.2021.838"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"123","article-title":"The Effects of Different Stand Regeneration Planning on Management and Pedunculate Oak Forest Development\u2014A Small Size Management Class Case Study","volume":"138","author":"Teslak","year":"2014","journal-title":"\u0160umarski List"},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Pentek, T. (2002). The Computer Models for Forest Roads Network Optimization with Regard to the Dominant Influential Factors. [Ph.D. Thesis, Forestry Faculty of Zagreb University]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2020, November 15). Bylaw on Measure Implementation M04 \u201cInvestments in Physical Assets\u201d, By-Measure 4.3 \u201cGrant for Investments in Development, Modernization and Customization of Agriculture and Forestry\u201d, Operation Type 4.3.3 \u201cInvestments in Forest Infrastructure\u201d from the Program of Rural Development in Republic of Croatia in Period from 2014 to 2020 (OG 106\/15, 65\/17, 77\/17). Available online: https:\/\/narodne-novine.nn.hr\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1300\/J091v09n01_05","article-title":"Forest Management on a Natural Basis","volume":"9","author":"Ciancio","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Sustain. For."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.5552\/crojfe.2019.665","article-title":"Assessment of Broad-Leaved Forest Stand Management: Stock Densities, Thinning Costs and Profits over a 60-Year Rotation Period","volume":"40","author":"Suzuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Croat. J. For. Eng."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0329.2000.00185.x","article-title":"Distribution of Armillaria species in upland Ozark Mountain forests with respect to site, overstory species composition and oak decline","volume":"30","author":"Bruhn","year":"2000","journal-title":"For. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"57","article-title":"Study of Forest Road Effect on Tree Community and Stand Structure in Three Italian and Iranian Temperate Forests","volume":"39","author":"Picchio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Croat. J. For. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"31","article-title":"Spatial MultiCriteria Decision Process to Define Maintenance Priorities of Forest Road Network: An Application in the Italian Alpine Region","volume":"34","author":"Pellegrini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Croat. J. For. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor0773-006","article-title":"Temporal analysis of the traffic loads on forest road networks","volume":"6","author":"Grigolato","year":"2013","journal-title":"iForest Biogeosci. For."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor2471-010","article-title":"Assessment of timber extraction distance and skid road network in steep karst terrain","volume":"10","author":"Duka","year":"2017","journal-title":"iForest Biogeosci. For."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.3832\/ifor0610-009","article-title":"Qualitative evaluation and optimization of forest road network to minimize total costs and environmental impacts","volume":"5","author":"Hayati","year":"2017","journal-title":"iForest Biogeosci. For."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picchio, R., Pignatti, G., Marchi, E., Latterini, F., Benanchi, M., Foderi, C., Venanzi, R., and Verani, S. (2018). The application of two approaches using GIS technology implementation in forest road network planning in an Italian mountain setting. Forests, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/f9050277"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Picchio, R., Latterini, F., Mederski, P.S., Tocci, D., Venanzi, R., Stefanoni, W., and Pari, L. (2020). Applications of GIS-Based Software to Improve the Sustainability of a Forwarding Operation in Central Italy. Sustainability, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/su12145716"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34875-w","article-title":"Drought-induced shift in tree response to climate in floodplain forests of Southeastern Europe","volume":"8","author":"Mikac","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2019.00005","article-title":"Groundwater Extraction in Floodplain Forests Reduces Radial Growth and Increases Summer Drought Sensitivity of Pedunculate Oak Trees (Quercus robur L.)","volume":"2","author":"Skiadaresis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. For. Glob. Chang."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0110uka, A., Por\u0161insky, T., Pentek, T., Pandur, Z., Vusi\u0107, D., and Papa, I. (2018). Mobility Range of a Cable Skidder for Timber Extraction on Sloped Terrain. Forests, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/f9090526"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.04.084","article-title":"Sustainable Forest Operations (SFO): A new paradigm in a changing world and climate","volume":"634","author":"Marchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Forests"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/12\/1\/7\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:48:39Z","timestamp":1760179719000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/12\/1\/7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["f12010007"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f12010007","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4907"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4907","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]}}}