{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T03:22:25Z","timestamp":1792380145794,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"ERDF","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1.1.1.1\/18\/A\/134"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1.1.1.1\/18\/A\/134"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-disturbance salvage logging mitigates economic loss after windthrow, and the value of salvaged timber is strongly linked to its quality and dimensions. We studied the occurrence of wind-induced damage of aspen in the hemiboreal forests of Latvia based on data from the National Forest Inventory and additional measurements. Individual tree data from three re-measurement periods were linked to follow a tree condition (live, broken, uprooted) and to link tree characteristics to a respective snag. Three linear models were developed to assess factors affecting the snapping height. An assortment outcome was calculated for undamaged and salvaged trees using the bucking algorithm, and timber value was calculated at three price levels. Wind-induced damage occurred for 3.4\u20133.6% of aspen trees, and among these, 45.8\u201346.6% were broken. The mean height of the broken trees was 27.3 \u00b1 0.9 m, and it was significantly higher (both p &lt; 0.01) compared to the height of undamaged and uprooted trees. The tested models indicated tree height as the main explanatory variable for relative snapping height, with higher trees having a lower point of the stem breakage. The other significant factor was the forest type group, indicating that trees growing on dry mineral soils had lower relative snapping height than trees growing on drained mineral soils. Stem breakage significantly (p &lt; 0.001) reduced the volume of assortments, as compared to the volume of undamaged trees. Relative volume loss of sawlogs showed a logarithmic trend with a steep increase up to snapping height of 6 m, and it correlated tightly (r = 0.83, p &lt; 0.001) with relative value loss of the total stem. Timber value loss had a strong, positive relation to tree diameter at breast height and fluctuated by 0.4% among different price levels. The mean volume reduction was 37.7% for sawlogs, 11.0% for pallet blocks, and 8.9% for technological wood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f12010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T10:33:56Z","timestamp":1609151636000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Effect of Stem Snapping on Aspen Timber Assortment Recovery in Hemiboreal Forests"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"\u010cak\u0161a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute, Silava, R\u012bgas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7993-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silva","family":"\u0160\u0113nhofa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute, Silava, R\u012bgas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guntars","family":"\u0160\u0146epsts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute, Silava, R\u012bgas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9401-1231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Didzis","family":"Elferts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute, Silava, R\u012bgas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"},{"name":"Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Street 1, LV-1004 R\u012bga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u012bga","family":"Liepa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forestry Faculty, Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Liela 2, LV-3001 Jelgava, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7981-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0100ris","family":"Jansons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Latvian State Forest Research Institute, Silava, R\u012bgas Street 111, LV-2169 Salaspils, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00684.x","article-title":"Natural disturbances in the European forests in the 19th and 20th centuries","volume":"9","author":"Schelhaas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. 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