{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T02:14:03Z","timestamp":1780452843416,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000208","name":"Institute of Museum and Library Services","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MG-30-16-0085-16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MG-30-16-0085-16"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000208","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Genetic diversity is a critical resource for species\u2019 survival during times of environmental change. Conserving and sustainably managing genetic diversity requires understanding the distribution and amount of genetic diversity (in situ and ex situ) across multiple species. This paper focuses on three emblematic and IUCN Red List threatened oaks (Quercus, Fagaceae), a highly speciose tree genus that contains numerous rare species and poses challenges for ex situ conservation. We compare the genetic diversity of three rare oak species\u2014Quercus georgiana, Q. oglethorpensis, and Q. boyntonii\u2014to common oaks; investigate the correlation of range size, population size, and the abiotic environment with genetic diversity within and among populations in situ; and test how well genetic diversity preserved in botanic gardens correlates with geographic range size. Our main findings are: (1) these three rare species generally have lower genetic diversity than more abundant oaks; (2) in some cases, small population size and geographic range correlate with genetic diversity and differentiation; and (3) genetic diversity currently protected in botanic gardens is inadequately predicted by geographic range size and number of samples preserved, suggesting non-random sampling of populations for conservation collections. Our results highlight that most populations of these three rare oaks have managed to avoid severe genetic erosion, but their small size will likely necessitate genetic management going forward.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f12050561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,30]],"date-time":"2021-04-30T05:10:55Z","timestamp":1619759455000},"page":"561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Comparing Genetic Diversity in Three Threatened Oaks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1595-0167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma Suzuki","family":"Spence","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9276-1111","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremie B.","family":"Fant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4572-2408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver","family":"Gailing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, University of G\u00f6ttingen, 37077 G\u00f6ttingen, Germany"},{"name":"College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Patrick","family":"Griffith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Montgomery Botanical Center, 11901 Old Cutler Rd, Coral Gables, FL 33156, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayri","family":"Havens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1241-9904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew L.","family":"Hipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priyanka","family":"Kadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr, Houghton, MI 49931, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Kramer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University Davis Arboretum, Auburn, AL 36849, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raakel","family":"Toppila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Longwood Graduate Program in Public Horticulture, University of Delaware, 181 South College Avenue, Newark, DE 19717-5267, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4828-954X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murphy","family":"Westwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden, 1000 Lake Cook Road, Glencoe, IL 60022, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4430-9603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bethany A.","family":"Zumwalde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0348-8449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean","family":"Hoban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Morton Arboretum, Center for Tree Science, 4100 Illinois 53, Lisle, IL 60532, USA"},{"name":"The Field Museum Chicago, DNA Discovery Center, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60605, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1086\/674131","article-title":"Sampling for Effective Ex Situ Plant Conservation","volume":"175","author":"Guerrant","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.02.004","article-title":"How well does a botanical garden collection of a rare palm capture the genetic variation in a wild population?","volume":"143","author":"Namoff","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2016.08.006","article-title":"Consequences of in-situ strategies for the conservation of plant genetic diversity","volume":"203","author":"Whitlock","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. 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