{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,11]],"date-time":"2025-12-11T20:18:07Z","timestamp":1765484287383,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union\u2019s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie CARE4C project","award":["No778322"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No778322"]}]},{"name":"Polish Government MNiSW2018-2021","award":["W117\/H2020\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W117\/H2020\/2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The need to understand the carbon sequestration ability of trees under current and future climatic scenarios is fundamental to predict the role of forest in counterbalancing the global warming. In this study, we investigated the carbon sequestration ability of Pinus sylvestris L. in a setting of pure and mixed forests with Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. in Central Poland. Beside the traditional growth measures, i.e., Ring Width, Basal Area Increment, and wood density, we utilized also a new Index called BAIden, which combines Basal Area Increment and mean ring wood density to depict the carbon sequestration ability of trees. Pinus sylvestris showed different sensitivity to climatic variability depending on tree admixture, while the Basal Area Increment and wood density presented few differences between pure and mixed forests. According to the BAIden index, carbon accumulation in P. sylvestris showed similar sensitivity to climatic variability in pure and mixed forests. The new index was also informative on the main climatic drivers of carbon sequestration. Considering future climatic scenarios, the carbon sequestration ability of P. sylvestris will be facilitated by rising temperatures in late winter-early spring and reduced by decreasing precipitation and rising temperatures during summer. Finally, we discussed the perspective and applicability of BAIden for further studies on carbon sequestration ability under climate change.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f13040582","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T13:39:51Z","timestamp":1649338791000},"page":"582","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Annual Carbon Sequestration Patterns in Trees: A Case Study from Scots Pine Monospecific Stands and Mixed Stands with Sessile Oak in Central Poland"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6072-0841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Giberti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Universit\u00e0 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6994-274X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camilla","family":"Wellstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Universit\u00e0 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7217-7177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Giovannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IRET (Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri), Via Madonna del Piano, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Bielak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7847-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enno","family":"Uhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Forest Growth and Yield, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany"},{"name":"Bavarian Forest Institute (LWF), Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 1, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Aguirre-R\u00e1quira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair for Forest Growth and Yield, Technische Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3999-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Giammarchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Universit\u00e0 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4851-0662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giustino","family":"Tonon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Piazza Universit\u00e0 1, 39100 Bolzano, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2009.03030.x","article-title":"Studying Global Change through Investigation of the Plastic Responses of Xylem Anatomy in Tree Rings","volume":"185","author":"Fonti","year":"2010","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hacke, U. (2015). Wood Anatomy and Plant Hydraulics in a Changing Climate. Functional and Ecological Xylem Anatomy, Springer Science and Business Media LLC.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-15783-2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118982","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2021.118982","article-title":"Trees Grow Modulated by the Ecological Memory of their Past Growth. Consequences for Monitoring, Modelling, and Silvicultural Treatment","volume":"487","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1155121","article-title":"Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests","volume":"320","author":"Bonan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201609","article-title":"A Large and Persistent Carbon Sink in the World\u2019s Forests","volume":"333","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3389\/ffgc.2019.00027","article-title":"Intact Forests in the United States: Proforestation Mitigates Climate Change and Serves the Greatest Good","volume":"2","author":"Moomaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. For. Glob. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2018.07.015","article-title":"Future Biomass Carbon Sequestration Capacity of Chinese Forests","volume":"63","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-015-0900-4","article-title":"Growth and Yield of Mixed Versus Pure Stands of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) Analysed Along A Productivity Gradient through Europe","volume":"134","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Forest Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3227","article-title":"The Key Role of Forests on Meeting Climate Targets Requires Science for Credible Mitigation","volume":"7","author":"Grassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22050-1","article-title":"Large Carbon Sink Potential of Secondary Forests in the Brazilian Amazon to Mitigate Climate Change","volume":"12","author":"Heinrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1051\/forest\/2009035","article-title":"Comparing Volume Growth in Pure and Mixed Stands of Pinus Sylvestris and Quercus pyrenaica","volume":"66","author":"Sterba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1051\/forest\/2010037","article-title":"Comparison between the Productivity of Pure and Mixed Stands of Norway Spruce and European Beech along an Ecological Gradient","volume":"67","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.5424\/fs\/2014233-06195","article-title":"Mixed Stands of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway Spruce [Picea Abies (L.) Karst] Can Be More Productive than Monocultures. Evidence from Over 100 Years of Observation of Long-Term Experiments","volume":"23","author":"Bielak","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.10.003","article-title":"The Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Species Interactions in Mixed-Species Forests: From Pattern to Process","volume":"312","author":"Forrester","year":"2014","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holtmann, A., Huth, A., Pohl, F., Rebmann, C., and Fischer, R. (2021). Carbon Sequestration in Mixed Deciduous Forests: The Influence of Tree Size and Species Composition Derived from Model Experiments. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu21-7228"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03972","article-title":"Europe-Wide Reduction in Primary Productivity Caused by the Heat and Drought in 2003","volume":"437","author":"Ciais","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2009.09.001","article-title":"A Global Overview of Drought and Heat-Induced Tree Mortality Reveals Emerging Climate Change Risks for Forests","volume":"259","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1344","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164033","article-title":"Drought Sensitivity of the Amazon Rainforest","volume":"323","author":"Phillips","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1525678113","article-title":"Meta-Analysis Reveals that Hydraulic Traits Explain Cross-Species Patterns of Drought-Induced Tree Mortality Across the Globe","volume":"113","author":"Anderegg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91953-9_6","article-title":"Silviculture of Mixed Forests: A European Overview of Current Practices and Challenges","volume":"Volume 31","author":"Pach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Managing Forest Ecosystems: The Challenge of Climate Change"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2020.118687","article-title":"The Greater Resilience of Mixed Forests to Drought Mainly Depends on their Composition: Analysis Along A Climate Gradient Across Europe","volume":"481","author":"Pardos","year":"2021","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13791","article-title":"Resilience to Seasonal Heat Wave Episodes in A Mediterranean Pine Forest","volume":"210","author":"Tatarinov","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005","DOI":"10.20870\/jph.2015.e005","article-title":"Carbon Starvation during Drought-Induced Tree Mortality\u2014Are We Chasing A Myth?","volume":"2","author":"Hartmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plant. Hydraul."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-011-0481-9","article-title":"Aboveground Tree Volume and Phytomass Prediction Equations for Forest Species in Italy","volume":"130","author":"Tabacchi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.14214\/sf.sfm4","article-title":"Biomass and Stem Volume Equations for Tree Species in Europe","volume":"2005","author":"Zianis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Silva. Fenn. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2014.01.002","article-title":"Toward Consistent Measurements of Carbon Accumulation: A Multi-Site Assessment of Biomass and Basal Area Increment Across Europe","volume":"32","author":"Babst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01889","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.1889","article-title":"Fusing Tree-Ring and Forest Inventory Data to Infer Influences on Tree Growth","volume":"8","author":"Evans","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cook, E.R., and Kairiukstis, L.A. (1990). Methods of Dendrochronology: Applications in the Environmental Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-015-7879-0"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Fritts, H.C. (2012). Tree Rings and Climate, Elsevier Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3959\/2008-6.1","article-title":"A Theory-Driven Approach to Tree-Ring Standardization: Defining the Biological Trend from Expected Basal Area Increment","volume":"64","author":"Biondi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tree-Ring Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1051\/forest:2008009","article-title":"Thinning Intensity and Growth Response in SW-European Scots Pine Stands","volume":"65","author":"Calama","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-016-1148-5","article-title":"Topography and Age Mediate the Growth Responses of Smith Fir to Climate Warming in the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau","volume":"60","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2008.01570.x","article-title":"Drought-Driven Growth Reduction in Old Beech (Fagus Sylvatica L.) Forests of the Central Apennines, Italy","volume":"14","author":"Piovesan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2011.10.024","article-title":"Differing Growth Responses to Climatic Variations and Soil Water Deficits of Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris in A Temperate Forest","volume":"265","author":"Michelot","year":"2012","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.12871","article-title":"Kinetics of Tracheid Development Explain Conifer Tree-Ring Structure","volume":"203","author":"Cuny","year":"2014","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s004420100628","article-title":"Trends in Wood Density and Structure are Linked to Prevention of Xylem Implosion by Negative Pressure","volume":"126","author":"Hacke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/25.6.651","article-title":"Intra-Annual Variations in Climate Influence Growth and Wood Density of Norway Spruce","volume":"25","author":"Bouriaud","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/eru431","article-title":"How Do Drought and Warming Influence Survival and Wood Traits of Picea mariana Saplings?","volume":"66","author":"Balducci","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1007\/s40725-020-00119-2","article-title":"Quantifying Growth Responses of Trees to Drought\u2014a Critique of Commonly Used Resilience Indices and Recommendations for Future Studies","volume":"6","author":"Schwarz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. For. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u0119giel, A., and Polowy, K. (2020). Aboveground Carbon Content and Storage in Mature Scots Pine Stands of Different Densities. Forests, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/f11020240"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/346434a0","article-title":"A 1,400-Year Tree-Ring Record of Summer Temperatures in Fennoscandia","volume":"346","author":"Briffa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1191\/0959683603hl668rp","article-title":"Multiproxy Dendroclimatology: A Pilot Study in Northern Finland","volume":"13","author":"McCarroll","year":"2003","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-012-0758-8","article-title":"Long-Term Increase of March Temperature Has No Negative Impact on Tree Rings of European Larch (Larix decidua) in Lowland Poland","volume":"26","author":"Koprowski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.12657\/denbio.075.005","article-title":"Possibility of Identification of Negative Extreme Climatic Events Using Pinus sylvestris Tree-Rings in Transdanubia, Hungary","volume":"75","author":"Misi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dendrobiology"},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"San-Miguel-Ayanz, J., de Rigo, D., Caudullo, G., Durrant, T.H., and Mauri, A. (2016). Pinus sylvestris in Europe: Distribution, Habitat, Usage and Threats. European Atlas of Forest Tree Species, Publication Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Richardson, D.M. (2000). Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus, Cambridge University Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(01)00495-9","article-title":"Drought-Induced Mortality and Hydraulic Architecture in Pine Populations of the NE Iberian Peninsula","volume":"161","author":"Pinol","year":"2002","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpp035","article-title":"Drought-Induced Adaptation of the Xylem in Scots Pine and Pubescent Oak","volume":"29","author":"Eilmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-014-1081-3","article-title":"Declining Hydraulic Performances and Low Carbon Investments in Tree Rings Predate Scots Pine Drought-Induced Mortality","volume":"28","author":"Camarero","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13227","article-title":"Wood Anatomy and Carbon-Isotope Discrimination Support Long-Term Hydraulic Deterioration as A Major Cause of Drought-Induced Dieback","volume":"22","author":"Pellizzari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.01986","article-title":"Projecting Tree Species Composition Changes of European Forests for 2061\u20132090 Under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 Scenarios","volume":"9","author":"Buras","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Plant. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Rivas-Mart\u00ednez, S., Rivas-Saenz, S., and Penas, A. (2002). Worldwide Bioclimatic Classification System, Backhuys Pub."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114819","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2020.114819","article-title":"Harmonization of a Large-Scale National Soil Database with the World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014","volume":"384","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Fries, J., and International Union of Forestry Research Organizations. Working Party S4.01 (1974). Growth Models for Tree and Stand Simulation: Proceedings of Meetings in 1973, Royal College of Forestry."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1163\/22941932-90001592","article-title":"High-Frequency Densitometry-A New Method for the Rapid Evaluation of Wood Density Variations","volume":"24","author":"Schinker","year":"2003","journal-title":"IAWA J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2017.06.018","article-title":"Tree Ring Wood Density of Scots Pine and European Beech Lower in Mixed-Species Stands Compared with Monocultures","volume":"400","author":"Zeller","year":"2017","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"(2022, February 16). RINNTECH\u2014Technology for Tree and Wood Analysis\u2014Home. Available online: http:\/\/www.rinntech.de\/index-28703.html."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1984)023<0201:OTAVOC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the Average Value of Correlated Time Series, with Applications in Dendroclimatology and Hydrometeorology","volume":"23","author":"Wigley","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Clim. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"(2022, February 16). R: The R Project for Statistical Computing. Available online: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Bunn, A., Korpela, M., Biondi, F., Campelo, F., M\u00e9rian, P., Qeadan, F., Zang, C., Buras, A., Cecile, J., and Mudelsee, M. (2022, February 16). dplR: Dendrochronology Program Library in R. Available online: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=dplR."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"37","article-title":"Air Temperature Anomalies in Experimental Forests in Rog\u00f3w in 1924\u20132015","volume":"79","author":"Ozga","year":"2018","journal-title":"For. Res.Pap."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duursma, R.A. (2015). Plantecophys\u2014An R Package for Analysing and Modelling Leaf Gas Exchange Data. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143346"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1550","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.16485","article-title":"Plant Responses to Rising Vapor Pressure Deficit","volume":"226","author":"Grossiord","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/ecog.01335","article-title":"Treeclim: An R Package for the Numerical Calibration of Proxy-Climate Relationships","volume":"38","author":"Zang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2003.11.004","article-title":"DENDROCLIM2002: A C++ Program for Statistical Calibration of Climate Signals in Tree-Ring Chronologies","volume":"30","author":"Biondi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2019.02.038","article-title":"Transgressive Overyielding in Mixed Compared with Monospecific Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Oak (Quercus robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) Stands\u2014Productivity Gains Increase with Annual Water Supply","volume":"439","author":"Steckel","year":"2019","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1466-8238.2010.00592.x","article-title":"The Effect of Biodiversity on Tree Productivity: From Temperate to Boreal Forests","volume":"20","author":"Paquette","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.2012.00670.x","article-title":"Resistance of European Tree Species to Drought Stress in Mixedversuspure Forests: Evidence of Stress Release by Inter-Specific Facilitation","volume":"15","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2014.11.032","article-title":"Effects of Stand Composition and Tree Size on Resistance and Resilience to Drought in Sessile Oak and Scots Pine","volume":"339","author":"Merlin","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.02.019","article-title":"Species Mixture Increases the Effect of Drought on tree Ring Density, but Not on Ring Width, in Quercus petraea\u2014Pinus sylvestris Stands","volume":"345","author":"Vallet","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-019-01233-y","article-title":"Stand Growth and Structure of Mixed-Species and Monospecific Stands of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Oak (Q. robur L., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) Analysed Along A Productivity Gradient through Europe","volume":"139","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2017.05.007","article-title":"Chorological Maps for the Main European Woody Species","volume":"12","author":"Caudullo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Data Brief."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misi, D., Pucha\u0142ka, R., Pearson, C., Robertson, I., and Koprowski, M. (2019). Differences in the Climate-Growth Relationship of Scots Pine: A Case Study from Poland and Hungary. Forests, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/f10030243"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1191\/0959683602hl587rp","article-title":"Tree-Ring Width and Density Data around the Northern Hemisphere: Part 1, Local and Regional Climate Signals","volume":"12","author":"Briffa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Holocene"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14639","article-title":"Cell Size and Wall Dimensions Drive Distinct Variability of Earlywood and Latewood Density in Northern Hemisphere Conifers","volume":"216","author":"Seftigen","year":"2017","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-017-1559-x","article-title":"Minimum Wood Density of Conifers Portrays Changes in Early Season Precipitation at Dry and Cold Eurasian Regions","volume":"31","author":"Camarero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2014.07.001","article-title":"Exploring High Frequency Densitometry Calibration Functions for Different Tree Species","volume":"32","author":"Wassenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dendro.2015.03.001","article-title":"Technical Aspects of Applying High Frequency Densitometry: Probe-Sample Contact, Sample Surface Preparation and Integration Width of Different Dielectric Probes","volume":"34","author":"Wassenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dendrochronologia"}],"container-title":["Forests"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/13\/4\/582\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:50:05Z","timestamp":1760136605000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/13\/4\/582"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["f13040582"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f13040582","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4907"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4907"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]}}}