{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:47:13Z","timestamp":1760147233931,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"H2020-EU.4.b. WIDESPREAD-05-2020\u2014Twinning","award":["952314","LDF_VP_2016045","LDF_VP_2021010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["952314","LDF_VP_2016045","LDF_VP_2021010"]}]},{"name":"Internal Grant Agency (IGA) of the Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno","award":["952314","LDF_VP_2016045","LDF_VP_2021010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["952314","LDF_VP_2016045","LDF_VP_2021010"]}]},{"name":"Internal Grant Agency (IGA) of the Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno","award":["952314","LDF_VP_2016045","LDF_VP_2021010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["952314","LDF_VP_2016045","LDF_VP_2021010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Forests"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In forestry, it is still common to plant the seedlings of and cultivate Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) at lower altitudes; however, the climatic change that has been occurring increases evaporative demands in these areas. As a result, the spruce evidently suffers from drought, withers and loses its power to grow, thus, influencing stem thickness and tree-height growth, as well as biomass production. Therefore, the growth and biomass production of young (5-, 15- and 25-year-old) Norway spruce stands at these altitudes (i.e., from 200 to 500 m a.s.l.) was surveyed, as a case study, across the Training Forest Enterprise \u201cMasaryk Forest\u201d K\u0159tiny. There, 48 stands with a varied representation of spruce (i.e., up to 30%, 31%\u201360%, 61%\u201390% and over 91%) were analyzed. In each stand, 12 trees were sampled across all social status classes (i.e., sub-dominant, co-dominant and dominant) in detail. Basic dendrometric parameters (such as the total tree height, height of the crown base and stem diameter at breast height) and the amount of the above-ground tree organ biomass (i.e., stem, branches and needles) were investigated. Based on the trends found in the biomass production here and climate change predictions, we recommend that Norway spruce be cultivated only in zones from an altitude of ca 400 m a.s.l., with an annual precipitation of 700 mm and an average annual temperature of 7 \u00b0C, and its percentage representation in the stand be no more than 30%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/f14020185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,19]],"date-time":"2023-01-19T02:04:35Z","timestamp":1674093875000},"page":"185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparison of the Biomass and Dendrometric Parameters of Norway Spruce with Its Different Representations in Young Stands at Lower Altitudes in the Czech Republic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kate\u0159ina","family":"Novosadov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0355-6456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji\u0159\u00ed","family":"Kadlec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6057-5197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Kom\u00e1nek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7545-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Radek","family":"Pokorn\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Silviculture, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zem\u011bd\u011blsk\u00e1 3, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"EUFORGEN (2021, May 10). Picea Abies. Norway Spruce. Available online: www.euforgen.org\/species\/picea-abies\/."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Ellenberg, H., and Leuschner, C. (1978). Vegetation Mitteleuropas mit den Alpen in \u00d6kologischer Sicht [Vegetation of Central Europe with the Alps from an Ecological Point of View], Ulmer. (In German)."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1219","article-title":"\u00dcber Beziehungen zwischen Klima und Wachstum der Fichte (Picea abies) in ihrem europ\u00e4ischen Verbreitungsgebiet [About relationships between climate and growth of the spruce (Picea abies) in its European range]","volume":"17","author":"Nebe","year":"1968","journal-title":"Archiv f\u00fcr Forstwesen"},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Schmidt-Vogt, H. (1977). Die Fichte\u2014Ein Handbuch in Zwei B\u00e4nden, Band I. Taxonomie, Verbreitung, Morphologie, \u00d6kologie, Waldgesellschaften [A Manual in Two Volumes, Volume I Taxonomy, Distribution, Morphology, Ecology, Forest Societies], Paul Parey. (In German)."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ellenberg, H. (2009). Vegetation Ecology of Central Europe, Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Quitt, E. (1971). Klimatick\u00e9 oblasti \u010ceskoslovenska [Climatic Regions of Czechoslovakia], Academia. (In Czech)."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Pl\u00edva, K. (2000). Trvale Udr\u017eiteln\u00e9 Obhospoda\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed Les\u016f Podle Soubor\u016f Lesn\u00edch Typ\u016f [Sustainable Forest Management According to Sets of Forest Types], \u00dastav Pro Hospod\u00e1\u0159skou \u00dapravu Les\u016f. (In Czech)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Sou\u010dek, J., and Tesa\u0159, V. (2008). Metodika P\u0159estavby Smrkov\u00fdch Monokultur na Stanovi\u0161t\u00edch P\u0159irozen\u00fdch Sm\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch Porost\u016f [Gudlines on Norway Spruce Stand Transformation on Sites Naturally Dominated by Mixed Forest Stands], V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00dastav Lesn\u00edho Hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a Myslivosti, v.v.i.. (In Czech)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4797(02)00188-3","article-title":"Silvicultural management in maintaining biodiversity and resistance of forests in Europe\u2014Temperate zone","volume":"67","author":"Spiecker","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tjoelker, M.G., Boraty\u0144ski, A., and Buga\u0142a, W. (2007). Biology and Ecology of Norway Spruce, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4020-4841-8"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12023","article-title":"Site- and species-specific responses of forest growth to climate across the European continent","volume":"22","author":"Babst","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"93","article-title":"Tree growth under the impact of elevated CO2 concentration and some practical assessments","volume":"46","author":"Urban","year":"2003","journal-title":"An. Inst. Cercet. Amenaj. Silv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147222","article-title":"Climate sensitivity and drought seasonality determine post-drought growth recovery of Quercus petraea and Quercus robur in Europe","volume":"784","author":"Bose","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2015.06.034","article-title":"Age, competition, disturbance and elevation effects on tree and stand growth response of primary Picea abies forest to climate","volume":"354","author":"Primicia","year":"2015","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Lind\u00e9n, M. (2003). Increment and Yield in Mixed Stands with Norway Spruce in Southern Sweden. [Doctoral Thesis, Sveriges lantbruksuniv]."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1890\/04-0922","article-title":"Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: A consensus of current knowledge","volume":"75","author":"Hooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ecol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2006.05.011","article-title":"The role of species mixtures in plantation forestry","volume":"233","author":"Kelty","year":"2006","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1455","article-title":"The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: A search for general principles","volume":"80","author":"Tilman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2745.2007.01295.x","article-title":"Facilitation in plant communities: The past, the present, and the future","volume":"96","author":"Brooker","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1139\/x01-120","article-title":"Nutritional interactions in mixed species forests: A synthesis","volume":"31","author":"Rothe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"53","article-title":"Hydraulic lift by beech to Spruce: Potentially important ecosystem process for Spruce stand silviculture in connection with climatic change of warming","volume":"60","year":"2015","journal-title":"Zpr\u00e1vy Lesn. V\u00fdzkumu"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Mauer, O. (2013). Rhizologie Lesn\u00edch D\u0159evin. U\u010debn\u00ed Text [Rhizology of Forest Trees. Learning Text], Mendelova Univerzita v Brn\u011b."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Hartig, G.L. (1808). Anweisung zur Holzzucht f\u00fcr F\u00f6rster [Wood Growing Instruction for Foresters], Akademischen Buchhandlung. (In German)."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"von Cotta, H. (1828). Anweisung zum Waldbau [Instructions for Forest Management], Arnoldische Buchhandlung. (In German)."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1139\/x01-029","article-title":"Productivity of aspen forests in northeastern Minnesota, USA; as related to stand composition and canopy structure","volume":"31","author":"Edgar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.5558\/tfc77351-2","article-title":"Productivity of aspen stands with and without a Spruce understory in Alberta\u2019s boreal mixedwood forests","volume":"77","author":"MacPherson","year":"2001","journal-title":"For. Chron."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1051\/forest\/2010037","article-title":"Comparison between the productivity of pure and mixed stands of Norway Spruce and European beech along an ecological gradient","volume":"67","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vil\u00e0, M., Carrillo-Gavil\u00e1n, A., Vayreda, J., Bugmann, H., Fridman, J., Grodzki, W., Haase, J., Kunstler, G., Schelhaas, M., and Trasobares, A. (2013). Disentangling biodiversity and climatic determinants of wood production. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0053530"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2017.12.015","article-title":"Synthesis and future research directions linking tree diversity to growth, survival, and damage in a global network of tree diversity experiments","volume":"152","author":"Grossman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiw223","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiw223","article-title":"Drivers of yeast community composition in the litter and soil of a temperate forest","volume":"93","author":"Bahnmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"K\u00f6ppen, W., and Gieger, G. (1936). Handbuch der Klimatologie, Verlag von Gebr\u00fcder Borntraeger."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Bu\u010dek, A., and Lacina, J. (1999). Geobiocenologie II [Geobiocoenology II], MZLU. (In Czech)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1958","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1997)078[1958:CAFASA]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Competition and facilitation: A synthetic approach to interactions in plant communities","volume":"78","author":"Callaway","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of planting shock on the transpiration, photosynthesis and height increment of scots pine seedlings","volume":"161","author":"Hallman","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta For. Fenn."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1093\/jxb\/31.6.1587","article-title":"Control of Water Loss by Actively Growing Sitka Spruce Seedlings after Transplanting","volume":"31","author":"Coutts","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1139\/x90-059","article-title":"Physiological processes in plantation establishment and the development of specifications for forest planting stock","volume":"20","author":"Burdett","year":"1990","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s11056-004-8303-2","article-title":"Importance of root growth in overcoming planting stress","volume":"30","author":"Grossnickle","year":"2005","journal-title":"New For."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(98)00267-9","article-title":"Physiological and growth responses of three sizes of containerized Picea mariana seedlings outplanted with and without vegetation control","volume":"110","author":"Lamhamedi","year":"1998","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-002-0179-1","article-title":"Four-year growth dynamics of Beech-Spruce model ecosystems under CO2 enrichment on two different forest soils","volume":"16","author":"Spinnler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trees"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foreco.2013.08.006","article-title":"Growth of juvenile beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) upon transplant into a wind-opened Spruce stand of heterogeneous light and water conditions","volume":"310","author":"Goisser","year":"2013","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1139\/x92-194","article-title":"Transplanted red oak seedlings mediate transplant shock by reducing leaf surface area and altering carbon allocation","volume":"22","author":"Struve","year":"1992","journal-title":"Can. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Slodi\u010d\u00e1k, M., and Nov\u00e1k, J. (2007). V\u00fdchova Lesn\u00edch Porost\u016f Hlavn\u00edch Hospod\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fdch D\u0159evin [Thinning of Forest Stands of the Main Farm Trees], V\u00fdzkumn\u00fd \u00fastav Lesn\u00edho Hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed a Myslivosti v.v.i.. (In Czech)."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"27","article-title":"Der Holzzuwachs der Waldb\u00e4ume in verschiedenen H\u00e4henlagen Thuringens in Abh\u00e4ngichkeit von Neiderschlag und Temperatur [The Wood Growth of the Forest Trees in Different Heights of Thuringia as a Function of Envy and Temperature]","volume":"7","author":"Koch","year":"1958","journal-title":"Arch. Forstwes."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1127(01)00651-X","article-title":"Response of Picea abies populations from elevational transects in the Polish Sudety and Carpathian mountains to simulated drought stress","volume":"165","author":"Eriksson","year":"2002","journal-title":"For. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.11118\/beskyd201205020173","article-title":"Leaf area index of Norway spruce stands in relation to age and defoliation","volume":"5","year":"2012","journal-title":"Beskydy"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Kon\u0161el, J. (1931). Stru\u010dn\u00fd N\u00e1stin Tvorby a P\u011bst\u011bn\u00ed Les\u016f v Biologick\u00e9m Pon\u011bt\u00ed [A Brief Outline of the Creation and Cultivation of Forests in Biological Terms], Matice Lesnick\u00e1. (In Czech)."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"203","article-title":"Modellierung der kronenkonkurrenz von fichte und buche in rein-und mischbest\u00e4nden [Modeling of the crown competition of spruce and beech in pure and mixed stands]","volume":"163","author":"Pretzsch","year":"1992","journal-title":"Allg. Forst-Und Jagdztg."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-005-0070-x","article-title":"Effects of thinning on growth of six tree species in north-temperate forests of Lithuania","volume":"124","author":"Juodvalkis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1023\/B:PLSO.0000016508.20173.80","article-title":"Stand fine root biomass and fine root morphology in old-growth beech forests as a function of precipitation and soil fertility","volume":"258","author":"Leuschner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s10342-005-0075-5","article-title":"Interspecific competition impacts on the morphology and distribution of fine roots in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway Spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)","volume":"125","author":"Bolte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2015.00547","article-title":"How tree roots respond to drought","volume":"6","author":"Brunner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.2478\/v10003-010-0017-1","article-title":"Radial Growth and Health Condition of Norway Spruce (Picea Abies (L.) Karst.) Stands in Relation to Climate (Silesian Beskids, Czech Republic)","volume":"36","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geochronometria"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s00468-011-0645-8","article-title":"Climate sensitivity of radial growth in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) at different aspects in southwestern Germany","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trees Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"689","article-title":"Establishment, resource acquisition, and early productivity as determined by biomass allocation patterns of three tropical tree species","volume":"41","author":"Haggar","year":"1995","journal-title":"For. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00379405","article-title":"Hydraulic lift: Substantial nocturnal water transport between soil layers by Artemisia tridentata roots","volume":"73","author":"Richards","year":"1987","journal-title":"Oecologia"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.15287\/afr.2016.789","article-title":"Assessing future suitability of tree species under climate change by multiple methods: A case study in southern Germany","volume":"60","author":"Walentowski","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. For. Res."}],"container-title":["Forests"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/14\/2\/185\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T18:09:32Z","timestamp":1760119772000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4907\/14\/2\/185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["f14020185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/f14020185","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4907"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1999-4907"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]]}}}