{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:45:08Z","timestamp":1778107508831,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1507593600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fibers"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Composite materials are prone to delamination as they are weaker in the thickness direction. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are introduced as a multiscale reinforcement into the fiber reinforced polymer composites to suppress the delamination phenomenon. This review paper presents the detailed progress made by the scientific and research community to-date in improving the Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (ILFT) by various methodologies including the effect of multiscale reinforcement. Methods of measuring the Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness of the composites along with the solutions to improve them are presented. The use of different methodologies and approaches along with their performance in enhancing the fracture toughness of the composites is summarized. The current state of polymer-fiber-nanotube composites and their future perspective are also deliberated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fib5040038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]],"date-time":"2017-10-10T10:34:29Z","timestamp":1507631669000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Multiscale Polymer Composites: A Review of the Interlaminar Fracture Toughness Improvement"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5967-9658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vishwesh","family":"Dikshit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5859-9616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somen","family":"Bhudolia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"Institute for Sports Research, Nanyang Technological University, 50, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5922-5771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunil","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"},{"name":"Institute for Sports Research, Nanyang Technological University, 50, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-3538(93)90056-M","article-title":"Effect of stitching on interlaminar delamination extension in composite laminates","volume":"49","author":"Shu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(97)00229-7","article-title":"On the effects of stitching in CFRPS\u2014I. Mode I delamination toughness","volume":"58","author":"Dransfield","year":"1998","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(98)00111-0","article-title":"Mode I and Mode II fracture toughness of high-performance 3000 g mole\u22121 reactive poly(etherimide)\/carbon fiber composites","volume":"30","author":"Bullions","year":"1999","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(98)00197-3","article-title":"Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness properties of advanced textile fibreglass composites","volume":"30","author":"Mouritz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2016.12.017","article-title":"Improvement of interlaminar fracture toughness in carbon fiber\/epoxy composites with carbon nanotubes\/polysulfone interleaves","volume":"140","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2016.05.013","article-title":"Fatigue delamination of a carbon fabric\/epoxy laminate with carbon nanotubes","volume":"131","author":"Kadlec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.02.045","article-title":"Investigation of dynamic Mode I matrix crack-fiber bundle interaction in composites using caustics","volume":"92","author":"Hao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3035","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998313504606","article-title":"Microwave\u2013thermal technique for energy and time efficient curing of carbon fiber reinforced polymer prepreg composites","volume":"48","author":"Joshi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saghizadeh, H., and Dharan, C.K.H. (1985). Delamination Fracture Toughness of Graphite and Aramid Epoxy Composites, ASME.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.3225885"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-7944(88)90181-6","article-title":"Delamination\u2014A damage Mode in composite structures","volume":"29","author":"Garg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.37.1","article-title":"An Overview of the delamination problem in structural composites","volume":"37","author":"Wang","year":"1989","journal-title":"Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Anthony, K., and Carl, Z. (2000). Delamination of polymer matrix composites: Problems and assessment. Comprehensive Composite Materials, Pergamon."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1504848","article-title":"Characterization and analysis of delamination fracture in composites: An overview of developments from 1990 to 2001","volume":"56","author":"Tay","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Mech. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2007.03.012","article-title":"A status report on delamination resistance testing of polymer-matrix composites","volume":"75","author":"Brunner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008869811626","article-title":"Standard test methods for delamination resistance of composite materials: Current status","volume":"5","author":"Davies","year":"1998","journal-title":"Appl. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Robinson, P., and Hodgkinson, J.M. (2000). Interlaminar fracture toughness. Mechanical Testing of Advanced Fibre Composites, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439822791.ch9"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Donald, F.A., Carlsson, L.A., and Pipes, R.B. (2003). Characterization of delamination failure. Experimental Characterization of Advanced Composite Materials, CRC Press. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"(2013). ASTM D5528-13, Standard Test Method for Mode I Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"(2014). ASTM D7905\/D7905M-14, Standard Test Method for Determination of the Mode II Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Unidirectional Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites, ASTM International."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1520\/CTR10369J","article-title":"An edge crack torsion method for Mode III delamination fracture testing","volume":"15","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Compos. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3973","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998316630395","article-title":"A new method for testing composite materials under Mode III fracture","volume":"50","author":"Rubiera","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, H., and Shivakumar, K. (2003, January 7\u201310). Failure mechanics of Brittle and Toughened Composite dcb Specimen under Mode I and I-III Stress State. Proceedings of the 44th AIAA\/ASME\/ASCE\/AHS\/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Norfolk, VA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2003-1522"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2017.01.021","article-title":"Analysis of Mode III interlaminar fracture toughness of laminated composites using a novel testing device","volume":"173","author":"Rubiera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Tawk, I., Rishmany, J., Saba, N., and Mahmoud, B. (2016, January 26\u201330). Experimental Study of the Interlaminar Fracture of Composite Materials in Mode III. Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM 2016), Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2016.08.025","article-title":"Test methods for measuring pure Mode III delamination toughness of composite","volume":"55","author":"Ge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ge, Y., Gong, X., De Luycker, E., and Hurez, A. (2016, January 26\u201330). Characterization of pure Mode I, II and III delamination of laminated composite by using edge ring crack specimen. Proceedings of the 17th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM 2016), Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Davidson, B.D., Czabaj, M.W., and Ratcliffe, J.G. (2016). A Modified Edge Crack Torsion Test for Measurement of Mode-III Fracture Toughness of Laminated Tape Composites, DEStech Publications Inc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2014.06.013","article-title":"Investigation on Mode III interlaminar fracture of glass\/epoxy laminates using a modified split cantilever beam test","volume":"127","author":"Khoshravan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00088-5","article-title":"Analysis of specimen thickness effect on interlaminar fracture toughness of fiber composites using finite element Models","volume":"63","author":"Agrawal","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.-K., and Mai, Y.-W. (1998). Engineered Interfaces in Fiber Reinforced Composites, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008042695-2\/50001-4"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1177\/073168449901801308","article-title":"Mode II interlaminar crack growth process in polymer matrix composites","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, L., Mouritz, A.P., and Bannister, M. (2002). 3D Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-008043938-9\/50017-X"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014335511515","article-title":"Numerical and experimental studies on the fracture behavior of rubber-toughened epoxy in bulk specimen and laminated composites","volume":"37","author":"Yan","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"269","article-title":"Evaluation of intralaminar fracture toughness of angle ply laminate","volume":"9","author":"Jose","year":"2002","journal-title":"Indian J. Eng. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(01)00223-8","article-title":"Mode-I interlaminar fracture of carbon-epoxy cross-ply composites","volume":"62","author":"Marques","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1163\/15685510051033449","article-title":"Experimental characterization of the effects of stacking sequence on the transverse crack behavior in quasi-isotropic interleaved cfrp laminates","volume":"9","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"815","article-title":"Effects of Temperature and stacking sequence on the Mode I interlaminar fracture behavior of composite laminates","volume":"Volume 183\u2013187","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Fracture and Strength of Solids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2017.06.007","article-title":"Effect of the cooling rate on the mechanical properties of glass fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites","volume":"177","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998305057438","article-title":"Characterization and analysis of delamination fracture and nanocreep properties in carbon epoxy composites manufactured by different processes","volume":"40","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"216","article-title":"Effect of the manufacturing process on the interlaminar fracture toughness of 2\/2 twill weave fabric carbon\/epoxy composites","volume":"29","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Forum"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2016.10.088","article-title":"Thickness dependence of Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness in a carbon fiber thermosetting composite","volume":"160","author":"Kravchenko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2016.09.045","article-title":"Delamination growth behavior of a woven e-glass\/bismaleimide composite in seawater environment","volume":"106","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3795\/KSME-A.2015.39.5.491","article-title":"Effect of temperature on interlaminar fracture toughness of filament-wound carbon\/epoxy composites","volume":"39","author":"Im","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Korean Soc. Mech. Eng. A"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.02.008","article-title":"Influence of in-plane fibre orientation on Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of stitched glass\/polyester composites","volume":"68","author":"Solaimurugan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4361(93)90128-U","article-title":"Modelling weave and stacking configuration effects on interlaminar shear stresses in fabric laminates","volume":"24","author":"Yurgartis","year":"1993","journal-title":"Composites"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Funk, J.G., and Deaton, J.W. (1989). Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Woven Graphite\/Epoxy Composites."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(96)00121-2","article-title":"Effect of interfacial properties and weave structure on Mode I interlaminar fracture behaviour of glass satin woven fabric composites","volume":"28","author":"Kotaki","year":"1997","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-8368(98)00014-6","article-title":"The effect of weave pattern and crack propagation direction on Mode I delamination resistance of woven glass and carbon composites","volume":"29","author":"Alif","year":"1998","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1520\/CTR10010J","article-title":"Delamination characterization of woven glass\/polyester composites","volume":"19","author":"Martin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Compos. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1080\/10426910701385432","article-title":"Manufacturing influence on the delamination fracture behavior of the t800h\/3900-2 carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mater. Manuf. Process."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-1798-6.ch036","article-title":"Quickstep processing of polymeric composites: An out-of-autoclave (ooa) approach","volume":"Volume 2\u20133","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials Science and Engineering: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/pen.23629","article-title":"Cure characterization of cycom 977-2a carbon\/epoxy composites for quickstep processing","volume":"54","author":"Khan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Polym. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998306067261","article-title":"Rapid composite tube manufacture utilizing the quicksteptm process","volume":"41","author":"Silcock","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Brosius, D., Law, H., Tiam, S., and Odagiri, N. (2006, January 6\u20139). Quickstep processing of an agate qualified carbon epoxy prepreg. Proceedings of the 38th SAMPE Fall Technical Conference: Global Advances in Materials and Process Engineering, Dallas, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4361(89)90343-1","article-title":"Characterization of delamination resistance in composite laminates","volume":"20","author":"Ye","year":"1989","journal-title":"Composites"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2014.12.015","article-title":"The effect of pvdf nanofibers on Mode-i fracture toughness of composite materials","volume":"72","author":"Saghafi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2011.05.014","article-title":"On fracture toughness of nano-particle modified epoxy","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0032-3861(03)00634-7","article-title":"Impact modified epoxy\/montmorillonite nanocomposites: Synthesis and characterization","volume":"44","author":"Isik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, S., Rosso, P., Ye, L., and Friedrich, K. (2007). Interlaminar Fracture of CF\/EP Composites Modified with Nano-Silica, Trans Tech Publications.","DOI":"10.4028\/3-908451-30-2.1403"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4361(80)90016-6","article-title":"The interlaminar fracture of organic-matrix, woven reinforcement composites","volume":"11","author":"Bascom","year":"1980","journal-title":"Composites"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2005.01.005","article-title":"Interlaminar fracture toughness improvement in composites with hyperbranched polymer modified resin","volume":"65","author":"Verrey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2005.05.003","article-title":"Toughening of a carbon fibre reinforced epoxy anhydride composite using an epoxy terminated hyperbranched modifier","volume":"65","author":"Varley","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2004.01.002","article-title":"Thermal and mechanical properties of tetrafunctional epoxy resin toughened with epoxidized soybean oil","volume":"374","author":"Park","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-3538(88)90009-7","article-title":"Failure mechanisms in toughened epoxy resins\u2014A review","volume":"31","author":"Garg","year":"1988","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/15583720903048227","article-title":"Rubber-toughened epoxies: A critical review","volume":"49","author":"Bagheri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1163\/156856103322396721","article-title":"Modification of epoxy resins for improvement of adhesion: A critical review","volume":"17","author":"Ratna","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2011.12.009","article-title":"Study of the Mode I and Mode II interlaminar behaviour of a carbon fabric reinforced thermoplastic","volume":"31","author":"Jacques","year":"2012","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-3538(88)90013-9","article-title":"Thermoplastic impregnated fiber bundles: Manufacturing of laminates and fracture mechanics characterization","volume":"33","author":"Friedrich","year":"1988","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1177\/073168449000900504","article-title":"Interface effects in interlaminar fracture of thermoplastic composites","volume":"9","author":"Hinkley","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2003.10.005","article-title":"Interlaminar fracture toughness of CF\/PEI composites at elevated temperatures: Roles of matrix toughness and fibre\/matrix adhesion","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protcy.2014.08.064","article-title":"Surface treatment of carbon fibers\u2014A review","volume":"14","author":"Tiwari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Procedia Technol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1299\/jsmea.44.573","article-title":"Effect of interface control on Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of woven c\/c composite laminates","volume":"44","author":"Hojo","year":"2001","journal-title":"JSME Int. J. Ser. A Solid Mech. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1163\/156855400300185333","article-title":"Effect of surface treatment on Mode I interlaminar fracture behaviour of plain glass woven fabric composites: Part i. Report of the 2nd round-robin test results","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2000","journal-title":"Compos. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(99)00039-1","article-title":"The effect on the mechanical properties of carbon\/epoxy composites of polyamide coatings on the fibers","volume":"59","author":"Varelidis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.10265","article-title":"A review of methods for improving the interfacial adhesion between carbon fiber and polymer matrix","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1163\/016942409X12579497420609","article-title":"A review of interphase formation and design in fibre-reinforced composites","volume":"24","author":"Jones","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Adhes. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Hoa, S.V. (2009). Principles of the Manufacturing of Composite Materials, DEStech Publications Inc."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Shea, J.J. (1999). Carbon Fibers, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine. [3rd ed.]. Book Review."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-3538(95)00048-8","article-title":"Interlaminar fracture toughness of cfrp influenced by fibre surface treatment: Part 1. Experimental results","volume":"54","author":"Albertsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Sharp, K., Bogdanovich, A., Mungalov, D., Wigent, D., and Mohamed, M. (2005, January 31). High modulus fibers in 3-D woven and braided cmc preforms. Proceedings of the SAMPE Fall Technical Conference\u201437th ISTC: Materials and Processing Technologies for Revolutionary Application, Seattle, WA, USA."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1520\/CTR10435J","article-title":"Structural properties of braided graphite\/epoxy composites","volume":"9","author":"Gause","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Compos. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-016-2460-2","article-title":"The role of stitch yarn on the delamination resistance in non-crimp fabric: Chemical and physical interpretation","volume":"26","author":"Shiino","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mater. Eng. Perform."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.07.093","article-title":"The effects of through-the-thickness stitching on the Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of flax\/epoxy composite laminates","volume":"109","author":"Ravandi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s10443-016-9560-x","article-title":"Improvement of Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of stitched glass\/epoxy composites","volume":"24","author":"Kennon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhudolia, S., Perrotey, P., and Joshi, S. (2017). Optimizing polymer infusion process for thin ply textile composites with novel matrix system. Materials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10030293"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhudolia, S.K., Kam, K.K.C., and Joshi, S.C. (2017). Mechanical and vibration response of insulated hybrid composites. J. Ind. Text.","DOI":"10.1177\/1528083717714481"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"64","article-title":"Experimental investigation on suitability of carbon fibre thin plies for racquets","volume":"230","author":"Bhudolia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. P J. Sports Eng. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2017.07.093","article-title":"Enhanced vibration damping and dynamic mechanical characteristics of composites with novel pseudo-thermoset matrix system","volume":"179","author":"Bhudolia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2016.06.005","article-title":"Multi-scale toughening of fibre composites using carbon nanofibres and z-pins","volume":"131","author":"Ladani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.11.025","article-title":"Influence of z-pin embedded length on the interlaminar traction response of multi-directional composite laminates","volume":"115","author":"Yasaee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"177","article-title":"Bridging effect and efficiency of partly-cured z-pin reinforced composite laminates","volume":"34","author":"Chu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trans. Nanjing Univ. Aeronaut. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2011.06.013","article-title":"Resistance to delamination of 3d woven textile composites evaluated using end notch flexure (enf) tests: Experimental results","volume":"42","author":"Pankow","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(99)00034-2","article-title":"Review of applications for advanced three-dimensional fibre textile composites","volume":"30","author":"Mouritz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-3538(94)90103-1","article-title":"On the effect of stitching on Mode I delamination toughness of laminated composites","volume":"51","author":"Jain","year":"1994","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2009.11.027","article-title":"The effect of stitch incline angle on Mode I fracture toughness\u2014Experimental and Modelling","volume":"92","author":"Plain","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2010.11.006","article-title":"An experimental study on Mode I and II fracture toughness of laminates stitched with a one-sided stitching technique","volume":"42","author":"Plain","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2004.02.009","article-title":"Effect of stitching on Mode I strain energy release rate","volume":"69","author":"Tsai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-835X(01)00008-2","article-title":"Challenges for composites into the next millennium\u2014A reinforcement perspective","volume":"32","author":"Bannister","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8223(02)00108-3","article-title":"Effect of weaving damage on the tensile properties of three-dimensional woven composites","volume":"57","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2006.03.032","article-title":"Improvements in Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness and in-plane mechanical properties of stitched glass\/polyester composites","volume":"67","author":"Velmurugan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-3538(96)00052-8","article-title":"Fatigue behaviour of stitched grp laminates","volume":"56","author":"Mouritz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.05.003","article-title":"Tensile fatigue properties of 3d composites with through-thickness reinforcement","volume":"68","author":"Mouritz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.06.265","article-title":"Mode-i fracture and impact analysis on stitched and unstitched glass\/epoxy composite laminate","volume":"38","author":"Muruganandhan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Evans, R.E., and Masters, J.E. (1987). New Generation of Epoxy Composites for Primary Structural Applications: Materials and Mechanics, ASTM. Toughened Composites.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP24391S"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/0956-716X(94)90529-0","article-title":"Suppression of interlaminar damage in carbon\/epoxy laminates by use of interleaf layers","volume":"31","author":"Tanimoto","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scr. Metall. Mater."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/KEM.37.317","article-title":"Improved impact and delamination resistance through interleafing","volume":"37","author":"Masters","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mech. Corros. Prop. Ser. A Key Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shivakumar, K.N., Panduranga, R., and Sharpe, M. (2013, January 8\u201311). Interleaved polymer matrix composites\u2014A review. Proceedings of the 54th AIAA\/ASME\/ASCE\/AHS\/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference, Boston, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2013-1903"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4361(89)90211-5","article-title":"Interlaminar fracture toughness and toughening of laminated composite materials: A review","volume":"20","author":"Sela","year":"1989","journal-title":"Composites"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4361(89)90341-8","article-title":"The effect of adhesive thickness on interlaminar fracture toughness of interleaved cfrp specimens","volume":"20","author":"Sela","year":"1989","journal-title":"Composites"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01160743","article-title":"Parameters determining the strength and toughness of particulate filled epoxide resins","volume":"22","author":"Moloney","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"189","article-title":"Advances in toughness of structural composites based on interleaf technology","volume":"Volume 29","author":"Krieger","year":"1985","journal-title":"Progress in Advanced Materials and Processes: Durability, Reliability and Quality Control, Proceedings of the 6th International European Chapter Conference of the Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering, Scheveningen, The Netherlands, 28\u201330 May 1985"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-3538(95)00062-3","article-title":"Mixed-Mode fracture in an interleaved carbon-fibre\/epoxy composite","volume":"55","author":"Singh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"141","article-title":"Interlaminar fracture properties of carbon fibre\/epoxy matrix composites interleaved with polyethylene terephthalate (pet) films","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Polym. Polym. Compos."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfatigue.2006.02.004","article-title":"Modes I and II interlaminar fracture toughness and fatigue delamination of CF\/epoxy laminates with self-same epoxy interleaf","volume":"28","author":"Hojo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2010.02.008","article-title":"Improved fracture toughness of carbon fibre\/epoxy composite laminates using dissolvable thermoplastic fibres","volume":"41","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1581(199706)8:6<371::AID-PAT658>3.0.CO;2-I","article-title":"Interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber\/epoxy composites using short kevlar fiber and\/or nylon-6 powder reinforcement","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"1997","journal-title":"Polym. Adv. Technol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-1123(01)00095-0","article-title":"Tensile properties and fatigue characteristics of hybrid composites with non-woven carbon tissue","volume":"24","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Fatigue"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmatprotec.2007.12.047","article-title":"A toughening and strengthening technique of hybrid composites with non-woven tissue","volume":"207","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998303037004043","article-title":"Micro-hardness and flexural properties of randomly-oriented carbon nanotube composites","volume":"37","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2005.08.092","article-title":"A comparison of reinforcement efficiency of various types of carbon nanotubes in polyacrylonitrile fiber","volume":"46","author":"Kumar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245703","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-4484\/19\/24\/245703","article-title":"Alignment of carbon nanotubes and reinforcing effects in nylon-6 polymer composite fibers","volume":"19","author":"Rangari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"267","article-title":"Study of carbon nanotubes process for their application in the aerospace engineering","volume":"60","author":"Regi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atti della Fondazione Giorgio Ronchi"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3062","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2005.05.021","article-title":"Fabrication and mechanical\/conductive properties of multi-walled carbon nanotube (mwnt) reinforced carbon matrix composites","volume":"59","author":"Xiaoqing","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998311410472","article-title":"Enhancing interlaminar fracture characteristics of woven cfrp prepreg composites through cnt dispersion","volume":"46","author":"Joshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(01)00094-X","article-title":"Advances in the science and technology of carbon nanotubes and their composites: A review","volume":"61","author":"Thostenson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2007.06.073","article-title":"The effect of interfacial chemistry on molecular mobility and morphology of multiwalled carbon nanotubes epoxy nanocomposite","volume":"48","author":"Abdalla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Ware, G., Park, Y.B., Zhang, C., Liang, Z., and Wang, B. (November, January 29). Processing and characterization of epoxy\/carbon fiber\/carbon nanotube multiscale composites fabricated using vartm. Proceedings of the 39th International SAMPE Technical Conference\u2014From Art to Science: Advancing Materials and Process Engineering, Cincinnati, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6034","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1466880","article-title":"Carbon nanotube\/carbon fiber hybrid multiscale composites","volume":"91","author":"Thostenson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2005.12.015","article-title":"Multiscale fiber-reinforced nanocomposites: Synthesis, processing and properties","volume":"66","author":"Dean","year":"2006","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2015.11.021","article-title":"Using aligned nanofibres for identifying the toughening micromechanisms in nanofibre interleaved laminates","volume":"124","author":"Daelemans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2014.09.010","article-title":"Synchronous effects of multiscale reinforced and toughened cfrp composites by mwnts-ep\/psf hybrid nanofibers with preferred orientation","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2012.07.011","article-title":"Improved interlaminar shear properties of multiscale carbon fiber composites with bucky paper interleaves made from carbon nanofibers","volume":"50","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2011.04.537","article-title":"Nano-Engineered Composites: A mulTiscale Approach for Adding Toughness to Fibre Reinforced Composites","volume":"10","author":"Gorbatikh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3659","DOI":"10.1177\/0021998313512348","article-title":"Experimental study on the mechanical behavior of carbon\/epoxy composites with a carbon nanofiber-modified matrix","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Compos. Mater."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2014.06.003","article-title":"Multi-scale interlaminar fracture mechanisms in woven composite laminates reinforced with aligned carbon nanotubes","volume":"100","author":"Wicks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2014.05.011","article-title":"Mixed Mode interlayer fracture of glass fiber\/nano-enhanced epoxy composites","volume":"64","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.201600153","article-title":"Carbon fiber composites based on multi-phase epoxy\/pes matrices with carbon nanotubes: Morphology and interlaminar fracture toughness characterization","volume":"18","author":"Prasad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684415610919","article-title":"Improving the interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon\/epoxy laminates by directly incorporating with porous carbon nanotube buckypaper","volume":"35","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3970","DOI":"10.1021\/la062743p","article-title":"Multiscale carbon nanotube-carbon fiber reinforcement for advanced epoxy composites","volume":"23","author":"Bekyarova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.2514\/1.25004","article-title":"Long carbon nanotubes grown on the surface of fibers for hybrid composites","volume":"46","author":"Garcia","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.200600097","article-title":"Carbon microfibers sheathed with aligned carbon nanotubes: Towards multidimensional, multicomponent, and multifunctional nanomaterials","volume":"2","author":"Qu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2006.05.015","article-title":"Glass-fibre-reinforced composites with enhanced mechanical and electrical properties\u2014Benefits and limitations of a nanoparticle modified matrix","volume":"73","author":"Wichmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_143","unstructured":"Qiu, J., Zhang, C., Wang, B., and Liang, R. (2007, January 3\u20137). Multiscale composites reinforced with functionalized nanotubes. Proceedings of the SAMPE \u201807: M and P\u2014From Coast to Coast and Around the World, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.02.028","article-title":"Fabrication and multifunctional properties of a hybrid laminate with aligned carbon nanotubes grown in situ","volume":"68","author":"Garcia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1862","DOI":"10.1021\/cm702782j","article-title":"Hierarchical composites reinforced with carbon nanotube grafted fibers: The potential assessed at the single fiber level","volume":"20","author":"Qian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Mater."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2007.05.008","article-title":"Effective properties for plain weave composites through-thickness reinforced with carbon nanotube forests","volume":"84","author":"Tan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2009.06.039","article-title":"Influence of carbon nanotube reinforcement on the processing and the mechanical behaviour of carbon fiber\/epoxy composites","volume":"47","author":"Godara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.10.019","article-title":"Processing, characterization, and Modeling of carbon nanotube-reinforced multiscale composites","volume":"69","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2009.19","article-title":"Interlaminar crack propagation in mwcnt\/fiber reinforced hybrid composites","volume":"3","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684412456612","article-title":"A review of multiscale composite manufacturing and challenges","volume":"31","author":"Okoli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2014.03.039","article-title":"Mechanical characterization of epoxy composite with multiscale reinforcements: Carbon nanotubes and short carbon fibers","volume":"60","author":"Rahmanian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.engfracmech.2017.05.030","article-title":"Effect of nanomaterial on Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of woven carbon fabric reinforced polymer composites","volume":"180","author":"Srivastava","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Fract. Mech."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kermansaravi, M., and Pol, M.H. (2016). Experimental investigation on the effects of carbon nanotubes on Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness of laminated composites. Polym. Compos.","DOI":"10.1002\/pc.24246"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, G., Zhou, G., and Bao, X. (2009). Mechanical Behaviour of Advanced Composite Laminates Embedded with Carbon Nanotubes\u2014Review, Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.836060"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20020603)41:11<1853::AID-ANIE1853>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"41","author":"Hirsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"A14171","article-title":"Reinforcement mechanisms in polymer nanotube composites: Simulated non-bonded and cross-linked systems","volume":"Volume 633","author":"Frankland","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Nanotubes and Related Materials: Symposium"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3773(20010504)40:9<1721::AID-ANIE17210>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Preparation and properties of polymer\u2014Wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"40","author":"Star","year":"2001","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7199","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0348876","article-title":"Polymeric carbon nanocomposites from carbon nanotubes functionalized with matrix polymer","volume":"36","author":"Lin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6055","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0491006","article-title":"Polyimide-functionalized carbon nanotubes: Synthesis and dispersion in nanocomposite films","volume":"37","author":"Qu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Macromolecules"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(04)00857-3","article-title":"Investigation of the dispersion process of swnts\/sc-15 epoxy resin nanocomposites","volume":"385","author":"Liao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.200600266","article-title":"Effect of functionalized carbon nanotubes on molecular interaction and properties of polyurethane composites","volume":"207","author":"Sahoo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Macromol. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2007.06.025","article-title":"Effect of carbon nanotubes on mechanical and electrical properties of polyimide\/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites","volume":"43","author":"So","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1295\/polymj.PJ2006121","article-title":"Miscibility and properties of acid-treated multi-walled carbon nanotubes\/polyurethane nanocomposites","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2006.12.006","article-title":"Preparation, morphology and properties of acid and amine modified multiwalled carbon nanotube\/polyimide composite","volume":"67","author":"Yuen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2009.06.007","article-title":"Improvement of mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotube composites through nanotube functionalization and processing methods","volume":"117","author":"Sahoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-4095(199907)11:10<834::AID-ADMA834>3.0.CO;2-R","article-title":"Dissolution of single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"11","author":"Hamon","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5386.95","article-title":"Solution properties of single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"282","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1021\/jp002596i","article-title":"Dissolution of full-length single-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"105","author":"Chen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2010.01.028","article-title":"Dispersion, interfacial interaction and re-agglomeration of functionalized carbon nanotubes in epoxy composites","volume":"48","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2004.04.002","article-title":"Carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy-composites: Enhanced stiffness and fracture toughness at low nanotube content","volume":"64","author":"Gojny","year":"2004","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-577X(00)00394-3","article-title":"Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of glass fiber and carbon fiber reinforced polyamide-6 and polyamide-6\/clay nanocomposites","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S1359-6462(03)00173-8","article-title":"Processing of clay\/epoxy nanocomposites by shear mixing","volume":"49","author":"Yasmin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scr. Mater."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2004.01.010","article-title":"Fabrication and mechanical characterization of carbon\/sic-epoxy nanocomposites","volume":"67","author":"Chisholm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2005.02.007","article-title":"Influence of nano-modification on the mechanical and electrical properties of conventional fibre-reinforced composites","volume":"36","author":"Gojny","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2006.04.016","article-title":"On the improvement of toughness of cfrps with resin doped with cnf and pzt particles","volume":"38","author":"Tsantzalis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2007.07.002","article-title":"Mechanical properties of cfrp laminates manufactured from unidirectional prepregs using cscnt-dispersed epoxy","volume":"38","author":"Yokozeki","year":"2007","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2007.07.017","article-title":"Enhancement of the crack growth resistance of a carbon\/epoxy composite by adding multi-walled carbon nanotubes at a cryogenic temperature","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2009.04.027","article-title":"Basalt fiber-epoxy laminates with functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2009.05.010","article-title":"Multiscale fiber reinforced composites based on a carbon nanofiber\/epoxy nanophased polymer matrix: Synthesis, mechanical, and thermomechanical behavior","volume":"40","author":"Green","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1021\/am1011047","article-title":"Interface toughness of carbon nanotube reinforced epoxy composites","volume":"3","author":"Ganesan","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2011.04.036","article-title":"Improving interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fibre\/epoxy laminates by incorporation of nano-particles","volume":"43","author":"Zeng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2015.09.020","article-title":"Effect of fine particle incorporation into matrix on mechanical properties of plain woven carbon fiber reinforced plastics fabricated with vacuum assisted resin transfer molding","volume":"85","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunston, D.L., Moulton, R.J., Johnston, N.J., and Bascom, W.D. (1987). Matrix resin effects in composite delamination\u2014Mode I fracture aspects. Am. Soc. Test. Mater., 74\u201394.","DOI":"10.1520\/STP24372S"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3144\/expresspolymlett.2016.37","article-title":"Toughening of carbon fibre reinforced polymer composites with rubber nanoparticles for advanced industrial applications","volume":"10","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Polym. Lett."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1080\/09276440.2017.1302279","article-title":"Enhanced interlaminar fracture toughness of unidirectional carbon fiber\/epoxy composites modified with sprayed multi-walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"24","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.12.017","article-title":"Fracture toughness improvement of cfrp laminates by dispersion of cup-stacked carbon nanotubes","volume":"69","author":"Yokozeki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1177\/0731684414548084","article-title":"Interlaminar toughening in flax fiber-reinforced composites interleaved with carbon nanotube buckypaper","volume":"33","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Reinf. Plast. Compos."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thakre, P.R., Lagoudas, D.C., Zhu, J., Barrera, E.V., and Gates, T.S. (2006). Processing and Characterization of Epoxy\/Swcnt\/woven Fabric Composites, American Institute Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2006-1857"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2007.06.007","article-title":"Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of cfrp laminates toughened by carbon nanofiber interlayer","volume":"68","author":"Arai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2017.06.001","article-title":"Interlaminar toughening of woven fabric carbon\/epoxy composite laminates using hybrid aramid\/phenoxy interleaves","volume":"101","author":"Wong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2017.02.022","article-title":"Mode-ii interlaminar fracture toughness of gfrp\/al laminates improved by surface modified vgcf interleaves","volume":"114","author":"Ning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Compos. B Eng."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.10.014","article-title":"Carbon nanotube shear-pressed sheet interleaves for Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness enhancement","volume":"80","author":"Stahl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2016.05.005","article-title":"Establishment of multi-scale interface in interlayer-toughened cfrp composites by self-assembled pa-mwnts-ep","volume":"130","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2014.07.028","article-title":"Mechanical flexible pi\/mwcnts nanocomposites with high dielectric permittivity by electrospinning","volume":"59","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0266-3538(03)00178-7","article-title":"A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites","volume":"63","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2013.08.011","article-title":"Short nylon-6 nanofiber reinforced transparent and high modulus thermoplastic polymeric composites","volume":"87","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4366","DOI":"10.1021\/am3010225","article-title":"Novel layer-by-layer procedure for making nylon-6 nanofiber reinforced high strength, tough, and transparent thermoplastic polyurethane composites","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2597","DOI":"10.1021\/am300286m","article-title":"Tough and transparent nylon-6 electrospun nanofiber reinforced melamine\u2013formaldehyde composites","volume":"4","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matlet.2015.09.014","article-title":"Short electrospun carbon nanofiber reinforced polyimide composite with high dielectric permittivity","volume":"161","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Lett."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2013.08.031","article-title":"Short electrospun polymeric nanofibers reinforced polyimide nanocomposites","volume":"88","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11806","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.6b02247","article-title":"Damage-resistant composites using electrospun nanofibers: A multiscale analysis of the toughening mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Daelemans","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesa.2015.01.028","article-title":"Mode I and Mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of composite laminates interleaved with electrospun nanofibre veils","volume":"72","author":"Beckermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Compos. A Appl. Sci. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2014.09.005","article-title":"Interlaminar toughening of resin transfer moulded glass fibre epoxy laminates by polycaprolactone electrospun nanofibres","volume":"104","author":"Daelemans","year":"2014","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beylergil, B., Tano\u011flu, M., and Akta\u015f, E. (2017). Enhancement of interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber\u2013epoxy composites using polyamide-6,6 electrospun nanofibers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 134.","DOI":"10.1002\/app.45244"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1080\/03602559.2015.1132459","article-title":"Enhancement of interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber\/epoxy composites using silk fibroin electrospun nanofibers","volume":"55","author":"Manh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polym. Plast. Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_206","unstructured":"Klein, P.J., Warren, G.L., Sager, R.J., Sue, H.J., and Lagoudas, D.C. (2007). B-Staged Carbon Nanotube\/Epoxy Films for the Improvement of Interlaminar Fracture Toughness, Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering (SAMPE)."},{"key":"ref_207","unstructured":"Warren, G., Sun, L., Moghbelli, E., White, K., Davis, D., Lagoudas, D., and Sue, H.J. (2009, January 18\u201321). B-staged interleaf-toughened epoxy\/swcnt nanocomposites for vartm applications. Proceedings of the SAMPE \u201809 Spring Symposium Conference, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compstruct.2010.03.019","article-title":"Improvements in mechanical properties of a carbon fiber epoxy composite using nanotube science and technology","volume":"92","author":"Davis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Compos. Struct."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2016.10.006","article-title":"Optimizing matrix and fiber\/matrix interface to achieve combination of strength, ductility and toughness in carbon nanotube-reinforced carbon\/carbon composites","volume":"113","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2008.08.010","article-title":"Improved fracture toughness of carbon fiber composite functionalized with multi walled carbon nanotubes","volume":"46","author":"Kepple","year":"2008","journal-title":"Carbon"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2008.02.020","article-title":"Growth of carbon nanotubes on carbon fibre substrates to produce hybrid\/phenolic composites with improved mechanical properties","volume":"68","author":"Mathur","year":"2008","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Fibers"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6439\/5\/4\/38\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T18:46:53Z","timestamp":1760208413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2079-6439\/5\/4\/38"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]},"references-count":211,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12]]}},"alternative-id":["fib5040038"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fib5040038","relation":{},"ISSN":["2079-6439"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2079-6439","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,10]]}}}