{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T04:34:21Z","timestamp":1783139661645,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda (CONACYT, Mexico)","award":["321279 FOP07"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321279 FOP07"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Fishes"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This contribution brings together current knowledge on the use of functional food additives affecting marine fish reproductive performance. This article reviews published studies by several authors who have worked with specialized diets and focused on the dietary needs of brood fish, with the objective of identifying the relevant functional additives with potential to improve reproductive performance. The use of commercial and experimental diets that may have an effect on egg viability, quantity, and quality are discussed, with reference to hatching rates, larval survival, and compositions of fatty acids and amino acids after feed supplementation with various nutritional compounds. The intention of this review is to highlight the benefits of the use of vitamins, carotenes, fatty acids, and proteins of animal origin in broodstock nutrition, all of which have been shown to improve the quality of progeny under captive conditions. Finally, consideration is given to future perspectives on the use of additives in marine fish nutrition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/fishes7050262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]],"date-time":"2022-09-27T23:12:12Z","timestamp":1664320332000},"page":"262","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Functional Additives as a Boost to Reproductive Performance in Marine Fish: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6361-4382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco A.","family":"Hernandez de-Dios","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1204-9576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariel","family":"Tovar-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5143-2749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deneb","family":"Maldonado Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario A.","family":"Galaviz-Espinoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Marinas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California (UABC), Ensenada 21100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milton","family":"Spanopoulos Zarco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda en Pesquer\u00edas, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Baja California Sur (UABCS), La Paz 23080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minerva C.","family":"Maldonado-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), La Paz 23096, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/faf.12006","article-title":"Levels of domestication in fish: Implications for the sustainable future of aquaculture","volume":"15","author":"Teletchea","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fish Fish."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Caballero, B., Finglas, P.M., and Toldr\u00e1, F. (2016). Food Additives: Classification, Uses and Regulation. Encyclopedia of Food and Health, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(01)00581-6","article-title":"Effect of broodstock nutrition on reproductive performance of fish","volume":"197","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"25-422018","article-title":"Role of Broodstock Nutrition on Fish Reproductive Performance","volume":"197","author":"Sharma","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1981.tb05838.x","article-title":"The effect of the size of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., eggs on embryos and alevins","volume":"19","author":"Kazakov","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2881(08)60199-6","article-title":"Egg Quality in Fishes","volume":"Volume 26","author":"Blaxter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Advances in Marine Biology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007381414397","article-title":"Seasonal changes in condition, nutrition, gonad maturation and energy content in barbel, Barbus sclateri, inhabiting a fluctuating river","volume":"50","author":"Encina","year":"1997","journal-title":"Environ. Biol. Fishes"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0380-1330(93)71262-9","article-title":"Field Observations on Reproductive and Developmental Dysfunction in Introduced and Native Salmonids from the Great Lakes","volume":"19","author":"Leatherland","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8659(1979)41[185:EODCOP]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Effect of Diet Composition on Performance of Rainbow Trout Broodstock during a Three-Year Period","volume":"41","author":"Smith","year":"1979","journal-title":"Progr. Fish Culturist"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(96)01312-9","article-title":"The effect of dietary protein and lipid from squid and fish meals on egg quality of broodstock for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)","volume":"148","author":"Izquierdo","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a, R. (2022, April 10). Criterios de Calidad de Huevos y Sus Implicaciones En El Cultivo de Peces Marinos. Avances en Nutrici\u00f3n Acu\u00edcola. Available online: https:\/\/nutricionacuicola.uanl.mx\/index.php\/acu\/article\/view\/54."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(94)90386-7","article-title":"Prospects in larval fish dietetics","volume":"124","author":"Watanabe","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hepher, B. (1988). Nutrition of Pond Fishes, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511735455"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"NRC (National Research Council) (2011). Nutrient Requirements of Fish and Shrimp, National Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)60658-0","article-title":"Fertilization in Teleost Fishes: Mechanisms of Sperm-Egg Interactions","volume":"Volume 121","author":"Jeon","year":"1990","journal-title":"International Review of Cytology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.2011.01333.x","article-title":"Nutrition and health of aquaculture fish","volume":"35","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Fish Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02264080","article-title":"Interaction \u201cnutrition-reproduction\u201d in fish","volume":"2","author":"Luquet","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735007","article-title":"Adequate n-3 LC-PUFA levels in broodstock diets optimize reproductive performance in GnRH injected greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili) equaling to spontaneously spawning broodstock","volume":"520","author":"Sarih","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2018.09.011","article-title":"Effects of increased protein, histidine and taurine dietary levels on egg quality of greater amberjack (Seriola dumerili, Risso, 1810)","volume":"499","author":"Sarih","year":"2018","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1002\/ejlt.201300462","article-title":"Ovary and egg fatty acid composition of greater amberjack broodstock (Seriola dumerili) fed different dietary fatty acids profiles","volume":"116","author":"Jerez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12188","article-title":"Influence of hormonal induction and broodstock feeding on longfin yellowtail Seriola rivoliana maturation, spawning quality and egg biochemical composition","volume":"21","author":"Roo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1444-2906.2006.01243.x","article-title":"Effects of taurine levels in broodstock diet on reproductive performance of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata","volume":"72","author":"Matsunari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1444-2906.2002.00414.x","article-title":"Spawning performance of yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata fed dry pellets containing paprika and squid meal","volume":"68","author":"Watanabe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.63.433","article-title":"Effect of Krill Meal Supplementation in Soft-dry Pellets on Spawning and Quality of Egg of Yellowtail","volume":"63","author":"Verakunpiriya","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.63.816","article-title":"Supplemental Effect of Astaxanthin in Broodstock Diets on the Quality of Yellowtail Eggs","volume":"63","author":"Verakunpiriya","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.62.610","article-title":"Effect of Broodstock Diets on the Chemical Components of Milt and Eggs Produced by Yellowtail","volume":"62","author":"Verakunpiriya","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2015.03.032","article-title":"Nutritional programming through broodstock diets to improve utilization of very low fishmeal and fish oil diets in gilthead sea bream","volume":"449","author":"Izquierdo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2095.2010.00766.x","article-title":"Reproductive performance of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L., 1758) fed two combined levels of carotenoids from paprika oleoresin and essential fatty acids","volume":"17","author":"Scabini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jeb.214999","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.214999","article-title":"Parental LC-PUFA biosynthesis capacity and nutritional intervention with Alpha-Linolenic Acid Affect performance of Sparus aurata progeny","volume":"223","author":"Turkmen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1444-2906.2001.00304.x","article-title":"Effects of dry pellets containing astaxanthin and squid meal on the spawning performance of striped jack Pseudocaranx dentex","volume":"67","author":"Watanabe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(00)00515-9","article-title":"Reproductive performance in male European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.) fed two PUFA-enriched experimental diets: A comparison with males fed a wet diet","volume":"194","author":"Asturiano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(02)00617-8","article-title":"Effect of arachidonic acid levels in broodstock diet on larval and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"220","author":"Furuita","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2109.2003.00831.x","article-title":"Supplemental effect of vitamin A in diet on the reproductive performance and egg quality of the Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus (T & S)","volume":"34","author":"Furuita","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(03)00279-5","article-title":"A practical broodstock diet for the mangrove red snapper, Lutjanus argentimaculatus","volume":"225","author":"Emata","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.2008.00171.x","article-title":"Spontaneous Spawning of Captive Red Snapper, Lutjanus campechanus, and Dietary Lipid Effect on Reproductive Performance","volume":"39","author":"Papanikos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.5251\/abjna.2010.1.3.175.184","article-title":"Effect of diet (fatty acid and protein) content during spawning season on fertility, eggs and larvae quality of common porgy (Pagrus pagrus, Linnaeus 1758)","volume":"1","author":"Abrehouch","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. J. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.50.495","article-title":"Effect of nutritional quality of broodstock diets on reproduction of red sea bream","volume":"50","author":"Watanabe","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.51.1511","article-title":"Improvement of quality of red sea bream eggs by feeding broodstock on a diet containing cuttlefish meal or on raw krill shortly before spawning","volume":"51","author":"Watanabe","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.57.681","article-title":"Effective components in cuttlefish meal and raw krill for improvement of quality of red seabream Pagrus major eggs","volume":"57","author":"Watanabe","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(94)90322-0","article-title":"Influence of nutritional composition of diet on sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax L., reproductive performance and egg and larval quality","volume":"128","author":"Carrillo","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.61.540","article-title":"Egg Collection from Broodstocks of Yellowtail Fed Commercial Soft Dry Pellets","volume":"61","author":"Mushiake","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.62.388","article-title":"The First Spawn-taking from Broodstock Yellowtail Cultured with Extruded Dry Pellets","volume":"62","author":"Watanabe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.64.39","article-title":"The First Spawn-taking from Striped Jack Broodstock Fed Soft-dry Pellets","volume":"64","author":"Watanabe","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2009.06.026","article-title":"Effects of protein and lipid concentrations in broodstock diets on growth, spawning performance and egg quality of yellowfin sea bream (Acanthopagrus latus)","volume":"295","author":"Zakeri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2009.02174.x","article-title":"Protein and amino acid nutrition and metabolism in fish: Current knowledge and future needs","volume":"41","author":"Kaushik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.2741\/e757","article-title":"Functional Amino Acids in Fish Nutrition, Health and Welfare","volume":"8","author":"Andersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. Elite"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734262","article-title":"Effect of dietary taurine in the performance of broodstock and larvae of California yellowtail Seriola dorsalis","volume":"511","author":"Salze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2019.734402","article-title":"Nutritional intervention through dietary vegetable proteins and lipids to gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) broodstock affects the offspring utilization of a low fishmeal\/fish oil diet","volume":"513","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Suarez, L.E.C., Marie, D.R., Salazar, M.T., Lopez, M.G.N., Cavazos, D.A.V., and Ortega, A.C.P. (2006). Taurine: An Amino Acid Rich in Fish Meal. Avances en Nutrici\u00f3n Acu\u00edcola VIII, Proceedings of the VIII Simposium Internacional Nutrici\u00f3n Acu\u00edcola, Nuevo Le\u00f3n, M\u00e9xico, 15\u201317 November 2006, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Nuevo Le\u00f3n."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"279","article-title":"The Green Liver Syndrome Is Caused by Taurine Deficiency in Yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Fed Diets without Fishmeal","volume":"53","author":"Takagi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquac. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.05.030","article-title":"Ascorbic acid, garlic extract and taurine alleviate cadmium-induced oxidative stress in freshwater catfish (Clarias batrachus)","volume":"407","author":"Kumar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2011.06.009","article-title":"Lipid classification, structures and tools","volume":"1811","author":"Fahy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"244","article-title":"n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid-Rich Vegetable Oils and Blends","volume":"209","author":"Tocher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fish Oil Replace. Altern. Lipid Sources Aquac. Feed."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"79","article-title":"Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture","volume":"10","author":"Storebakken","year":"2002","journal-title":"Atlant. Salmon."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ta\u015fbozan, O., and G\u00f6k\u00e7e, M.A. (2017). Fatty Acids in Fish, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/68048"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, C.D., and Lim, C. (2002). Yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata. Nutrient Requirements and Feeding of Finfish for Aquaculture, CABI.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851995199.0000"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2012.05.014","article-title":"Replacement of fish oil by poultry oil and canola oil in yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi) at optimal and suboptimal temperatures","volume":"356\u2013357","author":"Bowyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"415","article-title":"Spawning and Quality of Eggs of Striped Jack Fed Raw Fish or Dry Pellets with 2% (Spirulina)","volume":"47","author":"Mushiake","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aquacult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/naaq.10003","article-title":"Arachidonic Acid in the Diet of Captive Yellowtail and Its Effects on Egg Quality","volume":"80","author":"Stuart","year":"2018","journal-title":"North Am. J. Aquac."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferosekhan, S., Turkmen, S., P\u00e9rez-Garc\u00eda, C., Xu, H., G\u00f3mez, A., Shamna, N., Afonso, J., Rosenlund, G., Fontanillas, R., and Gracia, A. (2021). Influence of Genetic Selection for Growth and Broodstock Diet n-3 LC-PUFA Levels on Reproductive Performance of Gilthead Seabream, Sparus aurata. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11020519"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(00)00319-7","article-title":"Effects of n\u22123 HUFA levels in broodstock diet on the reproductive performance and egg and larval quality of the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"187","author":"Furuita","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(03)00493-9","article-title":"Dietary lipid enhancement of broodstock reproductive performance and egg and larval quality in Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus)","volume":"227","author":"Mazorra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(94)00345-O","article-title":"Effect of n \u2212 3 HUFA level in broodstock diets on egg quality of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.)","volume":"132","author":"Izquierdo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007750218840","article-title":"Influence of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid deficiency on the lipid composition of broodstock gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) and on egg quality","volume":"18","author":"Rodriguez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(98)00415-3","article-title":"Influence of broodstock gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) dietary fatty acids on egg quality and egg fatty acid composition throughout the spawning season","volume":"170","author":"Almansa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72166-5","article-title":"Reproductive performance of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) broodstock showing different expression of fatty acyl desaturase 2 and fed two dietary fatty acid profiles","volume":"10","author":"Ferosekhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.736321","article-title":"High broodstock fads2 expression combined with nutritional programing through broodstock diet improves the use of low fishmeal and low fish oil diets in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) progeny","volume":"535","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(96)01436-6","article-title":"Effects of broodstock dietary lipid on fatty acid compositions of eggs from sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax)","volume":"149","author":"Bell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(98)00246-4","article-title":"Effect of dietary lipid composition on vitellogenin, 17\u03b2-estradiol and gonadotropin plasma levels and spawning performance in captive sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)","volume":"165","author":"Navas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/S0044-8486(99)00071-X","article-title":"Development of broodstock diets for the European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) with special emphasis on the importance of n\u22123 and n\u22126 highly unsaturated fatty acid to reproductive performance","volume":"177","author":"Bruce","year":"1999","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.11.009","article-title":"Effects of dietary n-3 HUFA concentrations on spawning performance and fatty acids composition of broodstock, eggs and larvae in yellowfin sea bream, Acanthopagrus latus","volume":"310","author":"Zakeri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, C.D., and Lim, C. (2001). Nutrition and Fish Health, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439800041"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(84)90020-6","article-title":"Effects of a broodfish diet fortified with canthaxanthin on female fecundity and egg color","volume":"43","author":"Harris","year":"1984","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(85)90008-0","article-title":"Egg quality and egg pigment content in salmonid fishes","volume":"47","author":"Craik","year":"1985","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod52.5.1073","article-title":"Reproductive Success of Female Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) in Response to Graded Dietary Ascorbyl Monophosphate Levels1","volume":"52","author":"Blom","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00003378","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin C and plasma concentrations of testosterone in female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","volume":"14","author":"Dabrowski","year":"1995","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_77","unstructured":"Sandnes, K. (2022, May 25). Vitamin C in Fish Nutrition-A Review. Undefined. Available online: https:\/\/fdir.brage.unit.no\/fdir-xmlui\/bitstream\/handle\/11250\/131530\/se_vol04_01_1991_p3-32.pdf?sequence=3."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(95)00065-F","article-title":"\u03b1-Tocopherol levels in different organs of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)\u2014Effect of smoltification, dietary levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E","volume":"111","author":"Hamre","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part Physiol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Volkoff, H., and London, S. (2018). Nutrition and Reproduction in Fish. Encyclopedia of Reproduction, Academic Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-809633-8.20624-9"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"1804S","article-title":"Antioxidant vitamins affect food animal immunity and health","volume":"125","author":"Chew","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2010.10.001","article-title":"Extraction of shrimp astaxanthin with flaxseed oil: Effects on lipid oxidation and astaxanthin degradation rates","volume":"107","author":"Pu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00004453","article-title":"The effect of dietary vitamin A on the immunocompetence of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)","volume":"12","author":"Thompson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Fish Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.1999.tb00993.x","article-title":"Effect of Astaxanthin on the Pigmentation of Goldfish Carassius auratus","volume":"30","author":"Paripatananont","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0426.1995.tb00022.x","article-title":"Requirements for carotenoids in fish diets","volume":"11","author":"Torrissen","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Appl. Ichthyol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2095.1998.00078.x","article-title":"Effects of dietary keto-carotenoids (canthaxanthin and astaxanthin) on the reproductive performance of female rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)","volume":"4","author":"Choubert","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"Binu, V. (2004). Nutritional Studies on Sebae Anemonefish, Amphiprion Sebae Bleeker 1853, with Special Reference To Protein and Lipid Requirements. [Ph.D. Thesis, Central Institute of Fisheries Education]."},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Watanabe, T., and Miki, W. (1993). Astaxanthin: An Effective Dietary Composition for Red Seabream (Pagrus major). Colloques de l\u2019INRA (France), INRA."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.51.1501","article-title":"Nutritional studies in the seed production of fish-XVIII. Effect of dietary protein levels and feeding period before spawning on chemical components of eggs produced by Red Sea bream broodstock","volume":"51","author":"Watanabe","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.1994.tb00801.x","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Vitamin C on Maturation and Egg Quality of Cod Gadus morhua L.","volume":"25","author":"Holm","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2109.2000.00467.x","article-title":"Dietary vitamin C and E supplementation and reproduction of milkfish Chanos chanos Forsskal","volume":"31","author":"Emata","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1444-2906.2001.00296.x","article-title":"Effects of high dose of vitamin A on reproduction and egg quality of Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus","volume":"67","author":"Furuita","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00343-014-3162-y","article-title":"Dietary vitamin A, ascorbic acid and \u03b1-tocopherol affect the gonad development and reproductive performance of starry flounder Platichthys stellatus broodstock","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2008.06.024","article-title":"The impact of dietary supplementation with astaxanthin on egg quality in Atlantic cod broodstock (Gadus morhua, L.)","volume":"283","author":"Sawanboonchun","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1111\/are.12540","article-title":"Broodstock diet with water and astaxanthin improve condition and egg output of brood fish and larval survival in Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.","volume":"47","author":"Hansen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.50.1023","article-title":"Effect of nutritional quality of diets given to broodstock on the verge of spawning on reproduction of red sea bream","volume":"50","author":"Watanabe","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lall, S.P., and Kaushik, S.J. (2021). Nutrition and Metabolism of Minerals in Fish. Animals, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202108.0088.v1"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/10641269609388579","article-title":"Dietary mineral requirements of fish and marine crustaceans","volume":"4","author":"Davis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.49.431","article-title":"Effects on Growth and Mineral Composition of Carp of Deletion of Trace Elements or Magnesium from Fish Meal Diet","volume":"49","author":"Satoh","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.2331\/fishsci.65.893","article-title":"Necessity of Dietary Calcium Supplement in Black Sea Bream","volume":"65","author":"Hossain","year":"1999","journal-title":"Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2010.09.017","article-title":"Growth and tissue mineralisation of Atlantic cod (Gadus Morhua) fed soluble P and Ca salts in the diet","volume":"309","author":"Kousoulaki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-7345.1987.tb00431.x","article-title":"Dietary Phosphorus Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus","volume":"18","author":"Davis","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. World Aquac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2109.2004.01059.x","article-title":"Phosphorus requirement of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) juveniles","volume":"35","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquac. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Shimeno, S. (1991). Yellowtail, Seriola Quinqueradiata, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2095.1998.00046.x","article-title":"Supplementing copper to a fish meal based diet fed to Atlantic salmon parr affects liver copper and selenium concentrations","volume":"4","author":"Lorentzen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.44.223","article-title":"Requirement of red sea bream for dietary iron. II","volume":"44","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1978","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(91)90027-5","article-title":"Dietary zinc requirement of the red drum, Sciaenops ocellatus","volume":"92","author":"Gatlin","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/82.4.475","article-title":"Nutrition of Salmonoid Fishes. Xi. Iodide Requirements Of Chinook Salmon","volume":"82","author":"Woodall","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.45.57","article-title":"Requirement of red sea bream for dietary Mg","volume":"45","author":"Sakamoto","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemre, G.-I., and Deng, D.-F. (2015). Carbohydrates. Dietary Nutrients, Additives, and Fish Health, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119005568.ch4"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/10641260390260884","article-title":"Dietary Carbohydrate Utilization by Fish","volume":"11","author":"Stone","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Fish. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(94)90363-8","article-title":"Utilization of dietary carbohydrate by fish","volume":"124","author":"Wilson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"Shimeno, S., and Hosokawa, H.M.T. (1978). The Importance of Carbohydrate in the Diet of a Carnivorous Fish [Yellowtail and Carp], Fisheries Department Symposium on Finfish Nutrition and Feed Technology."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2331\/suisan.52.99","article-title":"Availability of carbohydrate in nutrition of yellowtail","volume":"52","author":"Furuichi","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi"}],"container-title":["Fishes"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2410-3888\/7\/5\/262\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T00:40:36Z","timestamp":1760143236000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2410-3888\/7\/5\/262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]},"references-count":113,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["fishes7050262"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/fishes7050262","relation":{},"ISSN":["2410-3888"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2410-3888","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,27]]}}}