{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T14:08:09Z","timestamp":1776866889322,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609891200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#2013-01953"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2013-01953"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"USDA-NIFA-SAS","award":["#2019 69012-29905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2019 69012-29905"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008231","name":"Arkansas Biosciences Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Little Rock, AR"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Little Rock, AR"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008231","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In an effort to understand the apparent trade-off between the continual push for growth performance and the recent emergence of muscle pathologies, shotgun proteomics was conducted on breast muscle obtained at ~8 weeks from commercial broilers with wooden breast (WB) myopathy and compared with that in pedigree male (PedM) broilers exhibiting high feed efficiency (FE). Comparison of the two proteomic datasets was facilitated using the overlay function of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) (Qiagen, CA, USA). We focused on upstream regulator analysis and disease-function analysis that provides predictions of activation or inhibition of molecules based on (a) expression of downstream target molecules, (b) the IPA scientific citation database. Angiopoeitin 2 (ANGPT2) exhibited the highest predicted activation Z-score of all molecules in the WB dataset, suggesting that the proteomic landscape of WB myopathy would promote vascularization. Overlaying the FE proteomics data on the WB ANGPT2 upstream regulator network presented no commonality of protein expression and no prediction of ANGPT2 activation. Peroxisome proliferator coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1\u03b1) was predicted to be inhibited, suggesting that mitochondrial biogenesis was suppressed in WB. PGC1\u03b1 was predicted to be activated in high FE pedigree male broilers. Whereas RICTOR (rapamycin independent companion of mammalian target of rapamycin) was predicted to be inhibited in both WB and FE datasets, the predictions were based on different downstream molecules. Other transcription factors predicted to be activated in WB muscle included epidermal growth factor (EGFR), X box binding protein (XBP1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2). Inhibitions of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) and estrogen related receptor gamma (ESRRG) were also predicted in the WB muscle. These findings indicate that there are considerable differences in upstream regulators based on downstream protein expression observed in WB myopathy and in high FE PedM broilers that may provide additional insight into the etiology of WB myopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10010104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]],"date-time":"2021-01-06T20:45:42Z","timestamp":1609965942000},"page":"104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Upstream Regulator Analysis of Wooden Breast Myopathy Proteomics in Commercial Broilers and Comparison to Feed Efficiency Proteomics in Pedigree Male Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Walter G.","family":"Bottje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science &amp; The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kentu R.","family":"Lassiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science &amp; The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivek A.","family":"Kuttappan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novus International, 20 Research Park, St. Charles, MO 63304, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J.","family":"Hudson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Casey M.","family":"Owens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science &amp; The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2374-8145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behnam","family":"Abasht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sami","family":"Dridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science &amp; The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8082-176X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byungwhi C.","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Poultry Science &amp; The Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, 1260 W. Maple, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1637\/11223-063015-Review.1","article-title":"Relationship of Skeletal Muscle Development and Growth to Breast Muscle Myopathies: A Review","volume":"59","author":"Velleman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Avian Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2992","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pex069","article-title":"Proteomic analysis reveals changes in carbohydrate and protein metabolism associated with broiler breast myopathy","volume":"96","author":"Kuttappan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Poult. 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