{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:23:02Z","timestamp":1772252582649,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008354","name":"Callaghan Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008354","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Adjustment of protein content in milk formulations modifies protein and energy levels, ensures amino acid intake and affects satiety. The shift from the natural whey:casein ratio of ~20:80 in animal milk is oftentimes done to reflect the 60:40 ratio of human milk. Studies show that 20:80 versus 60:40 whey:casein milks differently affect glucose metabolism and hormone release; these data parallel animal model findings. It is unknown whether the adjustment from the 20:80 to 60:40 ratio affects appetite and brain processes related to food intake. In this set of studies, we focused on the impact of the 20:80 vs. 60:40 whey:casein content in milk on food intake and feeding-related brain processes in the adult organism. By utilising laboratory mice, we found that the 20:80 whey:casein milk formulation was consumed less avidly and was less preferred than the 60:40 formulation in short-term choice and no-choice feeding paradigms. The relative PCR analyses in the hypothalamus and brain stem revealed that the 20:80 whey:casein milk intake upregulated genes involved in early termination of feeding and in an interplay between reward and satiety, such as melanocortin 3 receptor (MC3R), oxytocin (OXT), proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R). The 20:80 versus 60:40 whey:casein formulation intake differently affected brain neuronal activation (assessed through c-Fos, an immediate-early gene product) in the nucleus of the solitary tract, area postrema, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and supraoptic nucleus. We conclude that the shift from the 20:80 to 60:40 whey:casein ratio in milk affects short-term feeding and relevant brain processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10030658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T11:18:38Z","timestamp":1616152718000},"page":"658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Adjustment of Whey:Casein Ratio from 20:80 to 60:40 in Milk Formulation Affects Food Intake and Brainstem and Hypothalamic Neuronal Activation and Gene Expression in Laboratory Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Erin L.","family":"Wood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David G.","family":"Christian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Arafat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura K.","family":"McColl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Colin G.","family":"Prosser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy Goat Cooperative, Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3056-3336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dairy Goat Cooperative, Ltd., Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4394-2586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Allen S.","family":"Levine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anica","family":"Klockars","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pawel K.","family":"Olszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55113, USA"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.4.974S","article-title":"Dietary Proteins in the Regulation of Food Intake and Body Weight in Humans","volume":"134","author":"Anderson","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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