{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T23:16:57Z","timestamp":1782515817202,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health","award":["IZSPLV 07\/18 RC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IZSPLV 07\/18 RC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Foods"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In 2013, the European Union (EU) lifted the feed ban restriction, authorizing the use of non-ruminant (NR) processed animal proteins (PAPs) as ingredient in aquafeed. A further relaxation is soon expected, and NR PAPs will be allowed in next future in poultry and pig feed, avoiding cannibalism. Other potential hazards linked to PAPs as raw material should be evaluated. Antibiotics administered along the lifecycle of animals may leave residue in tissues and bones and still be present in PAPs. This monitoring study aimed to determine tetracyclines (TCLs), known to cumulate in bones, in PAPs and their possible residual antibiotic activity (RAC). A sensitive Liquid Chromatography coupled to Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) method for the quantification of TCLs in PAPs was developed and applied to 55 PAPs from EU manufactures. Most PAP samples (n = 40) contained TCLs (concentrations 25.59 \u00f7 456.84 \u00b5g kg\u22121). Among samples containing more than 25 \u00b5g kg\u22121 for at least three TCLs, three PAPs were chosen for RAC test before and after TCLs extraction procedure applying an in vitro acidic digestion: in two out of those three samples, RAC was observed after in vitro digestion. TCLs were determined in the digested PAPs (concentrations 26.07 \u00f7 64.55 \u00b5g kg\u22121). The detection of TCLs in PAPs should promptly target the risk assessments of this unconsidered way of exposure to antibiotic residues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10040696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T14:51:12Z","timestamp":1616683872000},"page":"696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Tetracyclines in Processed Animal Proteins: A Monitoring Study on Their Occurrence and Antimicrobial Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7827-7382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Morello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Italian National Reference Laboratory of Animal Proteins in Feed (NRL-AP), 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3704-9329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabina","family":"Pederiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Italian National Reference Laboratory of Animal Proteins in Feed (NRL-AP), 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosa","family":"Avolio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Italian National Reference Laboratory of Animal Proteins in Feed (NRL-AP), 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppina","family":"Amato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATS Milano\u2013Laboratorio di Prevenzione-Via Juvara 22, 20122 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9236-5933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Zoppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4763-6404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Di Blasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASL TO3, Veterinary Service TO3\u2013Via Poirino 9, 10064 Pinerolo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cesarina","family":"Abete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Italian National Reference Laboratory of Animal Proteins in Feed (NRL-AP), 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Casalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosanna","family":"Desiato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0591-1132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Ru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Marchis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d\u2019Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy"},{"name":"Italian National Reference Laboratory of Animal Proteins in Feed (NRL-AP), 10154 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2001). Regulation (EC) No. 999\/2001 of the European Parliament and the Council of 22 May 2001 laying down rules for the prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Off. J. Eur. Union, L147, 1\u201340."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"(2009). Regulation (EC) No 1069\/2009 of European Parliament and the Council of 21 October 2009 laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1774\/2002 (Animal by-products Regulation). Off. J. Eur. Union, L300, 1\u201333."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2011). Regulation (EC) No 142\/2011 of 25 February 2011 implementing Regulation (EC) No 1069\/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and implementing Council Directive 97\/78\/EC as regards certain samples and items exempt from veterinary checks the border under that Directive Text with EEA relevance. Off. J. Eur. Union, L54, 1\u2013254."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8093","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c02718","article-title":"Official feed control linked to the detection of animal byproducts: Past, present, and future","volume":"68","author":"Lecrenier","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.22.1.1395","article-title":"Protein nutrition for ruminants in European countries, in the light of animal feeding regulation linked to bovine spongiform encephalopathy","volume":"22","author":"Sellier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. OIE"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Grastilleur, D. (2003, January 10\u201314). Substitution of animal and fish protein meals with other protein sources. Proceedings of the 14th European Symposium on Poultry Nutrition (WPSA), Lillehammer, Norway."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pev141","article-title":"Cytotoxic effects of oxytetracycline residues in the bones of broiler chickens following therapeutic oral administration of a water formulation","volume":"94","author":"Odore","year":"2015","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12700","article-title":"Drug residues in poultry meat: A literature review of commonly used veterinary antibacterials and anthelmintics used in poultry","volume":"41","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"(2013). Regulation (EU) No. 56\/2013 of 16 January 2013 amending Annexes I and IV to Regulation (EC) No 999\/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying down rules for the prevention, control and eradication of certain transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Text with EEA relevance. Off. J. Eur Union., L21, 3\u201316."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"145","article-title":"Pharmaceutical antibiotic compounds in soils\u2014A review","volume":"166","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Soil Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"32","article-title":"Use of antimicrobials in food animals and impact of transmission of antimicrobial resistance on humans","volume":"3","author":"Feiyang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosaf. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1021\/es203970e","article-title":"Feather meal: A previously unrecognized route for reentry into the food supply of multiple pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)","volume":"46","author":"Love","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/anu.12121","article-title":"Residue levels of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in processed animal by-products used in Atlantic salmon feeds and their long-term carry-over to the edible part of the fish","volume":"20","author":"Berntssen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquac. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.173265","article-title":"Quantification of residual enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in feathers of broiler chickens by high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence after oral administration of the drugs","volume":"7","author":"Haag","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"(2010). Regulation (EU) No. 37\/2010 of 22 December 2009 on pharmacologically active substances and their classification regarding maximum residue limits in foodstuffs of animal origin, under that Directive Text with EEA relevance. Off. J. Eur. Union, L15, 1\u201372."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.17221\/5681-VETMED","article-title":"Tetracyclines in veterinary medicine and bacterial resistance to them","volume":"49","author":"Michalova","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"462","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of tetracycline antibiotics in beehives by liquid-chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry","volume":"3","author":"Bie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2019). European Surveillance of Veterinary Antimicrobial Consumption. Sales of Veterinary Antimicrobial Agents in 31 European Countries in 2017, European Medicines Agency."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-7135(99)00092-4","article-title":"Tetracycline residues in bones of slaughtered animals","volume":"11","author":"Wegmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2018.07.025","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of antibiotics and amantadines in animal-derived feedstuffs by ultraperformance liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1095","author":"Decheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(00)00198-9","article-title":"Bound chlortetracycline residues in bones: Release under acidic conditions","volume":"72","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00003-008-0343-7","article-title":"Studies for current load of carcass meal with tetracycline","volume":"3","author":"Lhafi","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Verbr. Lebensm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-197611010-00004","article-title":"Interactions with the absorption of tetracyclines","volume":"11","author":"Neuvonen","year":"1976","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(98)00268-4","article-title":"Determination of tetracycline and its major degradation products by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection","volume":"18","author":"Pena","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030118164","article-title":"Tetracycline residues in meat and bone meals. Part 2: The effect of heat treatments on bound tetracycline residues","volume":"18","author":"Wenzel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."}],"container-title":["Foods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/4\/696\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:40:47Z","timestamp":1760161247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2304-8158\/10\/4\/696"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]}},"alternative-id":["foods10040696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods10040696","relation":{},"ISSN":["2304-8158"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2304-8158","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]]}}}